diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'docs/GetElementPtr.html')
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/GetElementPtr.html | 753 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 753 deletions
diff --git a/docs/GetElementPtr.html b/docs/GetElementPtr.html deleted file mode 100644 index bddb1d6ce3..0000000000 --- a/docs/GetElementPtr.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,753 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> -<html> -<head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> - <title>The Often Misunderstood GEP Instruction</title> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/llvm.css" type="text/css"> - <style type="text/css"> - TABLE { text-align: left; border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0 0 0 0; } - </style> -</head> -<body> - -<h1> - The Often Misunderstood GEP Instruction -</h1> - -<ol> - <li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></li> - <li><a href="#addresses">Address Computation</a> - <ol> - <li><a href="#extra_index">Why is the extra 0 index required?</a></li> - <li><a href="#deref">What is dereferenced by GEP?</a></li> - <li><a href="#firstptr">Why can you index through the first pointer but not - subsequent ones?</a></li> - <li><a href="#lead0">Why don't GEP x,0,0,1 and GEP x,1 alias? </a></li> - <li><a href="#trail0">Why do GEP x,1,0,0 and GEP x,1 alias? </a></li> - <li><a href="#vectors">Can GEP index into vector elements?</a> - <li><a href="#addrspace">What effect do address spaces have on GEPs?</a> - <li><a href="#int">How is GEP different from ptrtoint, arithmetic, and inttoptr?</a></li> - <li><a href="#be">I'm writing a backend for a target which needs custom lowering for GEP. How do I do this?</a> - <li><a href="#vla">How does VLA addressing work with GEPs?</a> - </ol></li> - <li><a href="#rules">Rules</a> - <ol> - <li><a href="#bounds">What happens if an array index is out of bounds?</a> - <li><a href="#negative">Can array indices be negative?</a> - <li><a href="#compare">Can I compare two values computed with GEPs?</a> - <li><a href="#types">Can I do GEP with a different pointer type than the type of the underlying object?</a> - <li><a href="#null">Can I cast an object's address to integer and add it to null?</a> - <li><a href="#ptrdiff">Can I compute the distance between two objects, and add that value to one address to compute the other address?</a> - <li><a href="#tbaa">Can I do type-based alias analysis on LLVM IR?</a> - <li><a href="#overflow">What happens if a GEP computation overflows?</a> - <li><a href="#check">How can I tell if my front-end is following the rules?</a> - </ol></li> - <li><a href="#rationale">Rationale</a> - <ol> - <li><a href="#goals">Why is GEP designed this way?</a></li> - <li><a href="#i32">Why do struct member indices always use i32?</a></li> - <li><a href="#uglygep">What's an uglygep?</a> - </ol></li> - <li><a href="#summary">Summary</a></li> -</ol> - -<div class="doc_author"> - <p>Written by: <a href="mailto:rspencer@reidspencer.com">Reid Spencer</a>.</p> -</div> - - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h2><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h2> -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> - -<div> - <p>This document seeks to dispel the mystery and confusion surrounding LLVM's - <a href="LangRef.html#i_getelementptr">GetElementPtr</a> (GEP) instruction. - Questions about the wily GEP instruction are - probably the most frequently occurring questions once a developer gets down to - coding with LLVM. Here we lay out the sources of confusion and show that the - GEP instruction is really quite simple. - </p> -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h2><a name="addresses">Address Computation</a></h2> -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<div> - <p>When people are first confronted with the GEP instruction, they tend to - relate it to known concepts from other programming paradigms, most notably C - array indexing and field selection. GEP closely resembles C array indexing - and field selection, however it's is a little different and this leads to - the following questions.</p> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h3> - <a name="firstptr">What is the first index of the GEP instruction?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>Quick answer: The index stepping through the first operand.</p> - <p>The confusion with the first index usually arises from thinking about - the GetElementPtr instruction as if it was a C index operator. They aren't the - same. For example, when we write, in "C":</p> - -<div class="doc_code"> -<pre> -AType *Foo; -... -X = &Foo->F; -</pre> -</div> - - <p>it is natural to think that there is only one index, the selection of the - field <tt>F</tt>. However, in this example, <tt>Foo</tt> is a pointer. That - pointer must be indexed explicitly in LLVM. C, on the other hand, indices - through it transparently. To arrive at the same address location as the C - code, you would provide the GEP instruction with two index operands. The - first operand indexes through the pointer; the second operand indexes the - field <tt>F</tt> of the structure, just as if you wrote:</p> - -<div class="doc_code"> -<pre> -X = &Foo[0].F; -</pre> -</div> - - <p>Sometimes this question gets rephrased as:</p> - <blockquote><p><i>Why is it okay to index through the first pointer, but - subsequent pointers won't be dereferenced?</i></p></blockquote> - <p>The answer is simply because memory does not have to be accessed to - perform the computation. The first operand to the GEP instruction must be a - value of a pointer type. The value of the pointer is provided directly to - the GEP instruction as an operand without any need for accessing memory. It - must, therefore be indexed and requires an index operand. Consider this - example:</p> - -<div class="doc_code"> -<pre> -struct munger_struct { - int f1; - int f2; -}; -void munge(struct munger_struct *P) { - P[0].f1 = P[1].f1 + P[2].f2; -} -... -munger_struct Array[3]; -... -munge(Array); -</pre> -</div> - - <p>In this "C" example, the front end compiler (llvm-gcc) will generate three - GEP instructions for the three indices through "P" in the assignment - statement. The function argument <tt>P</tt> will be the first operand of each - of these GEP instructions. The second operand indexes through that pointer. - The third operand will be the field offset into the - <tt>struct munger_struct</tt> type, for either the <tt>f1</tt> or - <tt>f2</tt> field. So, in LLVM assembly the <tt>munge</tt> function looks - like:</p> - -<div class="doc_code"> -<pre> -void %munge(%struct.munger_struct* %P) { -entry: - %tmp = getelementptr %struct.munger_struct* %P, i32 1, i32 0 - %tmp = load i32* %tmp - %tmp6 = getelementptr %struct.munger_struct* %P, i32 2, i32 1 - %tmp7 = load i32* %tmp6 - %tmp8 = add i32 %tmp7, %tmp - %tmp9 = getelementptr %struct.munger_struct* %P, i32 0, i32 0 - store i32 %tmp8, i32* %tmp9 - ret void -} -</pre> -</div> - - <p>In each case the first operand is the pointer through which the GEP - instruction starts. The same is true whether the first operand is an - argument, allocated memory, or a global variable. </p> - <p>To make this clear, let's consider a more obtuse example:</p> - -<div class="doc_code"> -<pre> -%MyVar = uninitialized global i32 -... -%idx1 = getelementptr i32* %MyVar, i64 0 -%idx2 = getelementptr i32* %MyVar, i64 1 -%idx3 = getelementptr i32* %MyVar, i64 2 -</pre> -</div> - - <p>These GEP instructions are simply making address computations from the - base address of <tt>MyVar</tt>. They compute, as follows (using C syntax): - </p> - -<div class="doc_code"> -<pre> -idx1 = (char*) &MyVar + 0 -idx2 = (char*) &MyVar + 4 -idx3 = (char*) &MyVar + 8 -</pre> -</div> - - <p>Since the type <tt>i32</tt> is known to be four bytes long, the indices - 0, 1 and 2 translate into memory offsets of 0, 4, and 8, respectively. No - memory is accessed to make these computations because the address of - <tt>%MyVar</tt> is passed directly to the GEP instructions.</p> - <p>The obtuse part of this example is in the cases of <tt>%idx2</tt> and - <tt>%idx3</tt>. They result in the computation of addresses that point to - memory past the end of the <tt>%MyVar</tt> global, which is only one - <tt>i32</tt> long, not three <tt>i32</tt>s long. While this is legal in LLVM, - it is inadvisable because any load or store with the pointer that results - from these GEP instructions would produce undefined results.</p> -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h3> - <a name="extra_index">Why is the extra 0 index required?</a> -</h3> -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<div> - <p>Quick answer: there are no superfluous indices.</p> - <p>This question arises most often when the GEP instruction is applied to a - global variable which is always a pointer type. For example, consider - this:</p> - -<div class="doc_code"> -<pre> -%MyStruct = uninitialized global { float*, i32 } -... -%idx = getelementptr { float*, i32 }* %MyStruct, i64 0, i32 1 -</pre> -</div> - - <p>The GEP above yields an <tt>i32*</tt> by indexing the <tt>i32</tt> typed - field of the structure <tt>%MyStruct</tt>. When people first look at it, they - wonder why the <tt>i64 0</tt> index is needed. However, a closer inspection - of how globals and GEPs work reveals the need. Becoming aware of the following - facts will dispel the confusion:</p> - <ol> - <li>The type of <tt>%MyStruct</tt> is <i>not</i> <tt>{ float*, i32 }</tt> - but rather <tt>{ float*, i32 }*</tt>. That is, <tt>%MyStruct</tt> is a - pointer to a structure containing a pointer to a <tt>float</tt> and an - <tt>i32</tt>.</li> - <li>Point #1 is evidenced by noticing the type of the first operand of - the GEP instruction (<tt>%MyStruct</tt>) which is - <tt>{ float*, i32 }*</tt>.</li> - <li>The first index, <tt>i64 0</tt> is required to step over the global - variable <tt>%MyStruct</tt>. Since the first argument to the GEP - instruction must always be a value of pointer type, the first index - steps through that pointer. A value of 0 means 0 elements offset from that - pointer.</li> - <li>The second index, <tt>i32 1</tt> selects the second field of the - structure (the <tt>i32</tt>). </li> - </ol> -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h3> - <a name="deref">What is dereferenced by GEP?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>Quick answer: nothing.</p> - <p>The GetElementPtr instruction dereferences nothing. That is, it doesn't - access memory in any way. That's what the Load and Store instructions are for. - GEP is only involved in the computation of addresses. For example, consider - this:</p> - -<div class="doc_code"> -<pre> -%MyVar = uninitialized global { [40 x i32 ]* } -... -%idx = getelementptr { [40 x i32]* }* %MyVar, i64 0, i32 0, i64 0, i64 17 -</pre> -</div> - - <p>In this example, we have a global variable, <tt>%MyVar</tt> that is a - pointer to a structure containing a pointer to an array of 40 ints. The - GEP instruction seems to be accessing the 18th integer of the structure's - array of ints. However, this is actually an illegal GEP instruction. It - won't compile. The reason is that the pointer in the structure <i>must</i> - be dereferenced in order to index into the array of 40 ints. Since the - GEP instruction never accesses memory, it is illegal.</p> - <p>In order to access the 18th integer in the array, you would need to do the - following:</p> - -<div class="doc_code"> -<pre> -%idx = getelementptr { [40 x i32]* }* %, i64 0, i32 0 -%arr = load [40 x i32]** %idx -%idx = getelementptr [40 x i32]* %arr, i64 0, i64 17 -</pre> -</div> - - <p>In this case, we have to load the pointer in the structure with a load - instruction before we can index into the array. If the example was changed - to:</p> - -<div class="doc_code"> -<pre> -%MyVar = uninitialized global { [40 x i32 ] } -... -%idx = getelementptr { [40 x i32] }*, i64 0, i32 0, i64 17 -</pre> -</div> - - <p>then everything works fine. In this case, the structure does not contain a - pointer and the GEP instruction can index through the global variable, - into the first field of the structure and access the 18th <tt>i32</tt> in the - array there.</p> -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h3> - <a name="lead0">Why don't GEP x,0,0,1 and GEP x,1 alias?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>Quick Answer: They compute different address locations.</p> - <p>If you look at the first indices in these GEP - instructions you find that they are different (0 and 1), therefore the address - computation diverges with that index. Consider this example:</p> - -<div class="doc_code"> -<pre> -%MyVar = global { [10 x i32 ] } -%idx1 = getelementptr { [10 x i32 ] }* %MyVar, i64 0, i32 0, i64 1 -%idx2 = getelementptr { [10 x i32 ] }* %MyVar, i64 1 -</pre> -</div> - - <p>In this example, <tt>idx1</tt> computes the address of the second integer - in the array that is in the structure in <tt>%MyVar</tt>, that is - <tt>MyVar+4</tt>. The type of <tt>idx1</tt> is <tt>i32*</tt>. However, - <tt>idx2</tt> computes the address of <i>the next</i> structure after - <tt>%MyVar</tt>. The type of <tt>idx2</tt> is <tt>{ [10 x i32] }*</tt> and its - value is equivalent to <tt>MyVar + 40</tt> because it indexes past the ten - 4-byte integers in <tt>MyVar</tt>. Obviously, in such a situation, the - pointers don't alias.</p> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h3> - <a name="trail0">Why do GEP x,1,0,0 and GEP x,1 alias?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>Quick Answer: They compute the same address location.</p> - <p>These two GEP instructions will compute the same address because indexing - through the 0th element does not change the address. However, it does change - the type. Consider this example:</p> - -<div class="doc_code"> -<pre> -%MyVar = global { [10 x i32 ] } -%idx1 = getelementptr { [10 x i32 ] }* %MyVar, i64 1, i32 0, i64 0 -%idx2 = getelementptr { [10 x i32 ] }* %MyVar, i64 1 -</pre> -</div> - - <p>In this example, the value of <tt>%idx1</tt> is <tt>%MyVar+40</tt> and - its type is <tt>i32*</tt>. The value of <tt>%idx2</tt> is also - <tt>MyVar+40</tt> but its type is <tt>{ [10 x i32] }*</tt>.</p> -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> - -<h3> - <a name="vectors">Can GEP index into vector elements?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>This hasn't always been forcefully disallowed, though it's not recommended. - It leads to awkward special cases in the optimizers, and fundamental - inconsistency in the IR. In the future, it will probably be outright - disallowed.</p> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> - -<h3> - <a name="addrspace">What effect do address spaces have on GEPs?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>None, except that the address space qualifier on the first operand pointer - type always matches the address space qualifier on the result type.</p> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> - -<h3> - <a name="int"> - How is GEP different from ptrtoint, arithmetic, and inttoptr? - </a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>It's very similar; there are only subtle differences.</p> - - <p>With ptrtoint, you have to pick an integer type. One approach is to pick i64; - this is safe on everything LLVM supports (LLVM internally assumes pointers - are never wider than 64 bits in many places), and the optimizer will actually - narrow the i64 arithmetic down to the actual pointer size on targets which - don't support 64-bit arithmetic in most cases. However, there are some cases - where it doesn't do this. With GEP you can avoid this problem. - - <p>Also, GEP carries additional pointer aliasing rules. It's invalid to take a - GEP from one object, address into a different separately allocated - object, and dereference it. IR producers (front-ends) must follow this rule, - and consumers (optimizers, specifically alias analysis) benefit from being - able to rely on it. See the <a href="#rules">Rules</a> section for more - information.</p> - - <p>And, GEP is more concise in common cases.</p> - - <p>However, for the underlying integer computation implied, there - is no difference.</p> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> - -<h3> - <a name="be"> - I'm writing a backend for a target which needs custom lowering for GEP. - How do I do this? - </a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>You don't. The integer computation implied by a GEP is target-independent. - Typically what you'll need to do is make your backend pattern-match - expressions trees involving ADD, MUL, etc., which are what GEP is lowered - into. This has the advantage of letting your code work correctly in more - cases.</p> - - <p>GEP does use target-dependent parameters for the size and layout of data - types, which targets can customize.</p> - - <p>If you require support for addressing units which are not 8 bits, you'll - need to fix a lot of code in the backend, with GEP lowering being only a - small piece of the overall picture.</p> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> - -<h3> - <a name="vla">How does VLA addressing work with GEPs?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>GEPs don't natively support VLAs. LLVM's type system is entirely static, - and GEP address computations are guided by an LLVM type.</p> - - <p>VLA indices can be implemented as linearized indices. For example, an - expression like X[a][b][c], must be effectively lowered into a form - like X[a*m+b*n+c], so that it appears to the GEP as a single-dimensional - array reference.</p> - - <p>This means if you want to write an analysis which understands array - indices and you want to support VLAs, your code will have to be - prepared to reverse-engineer the linearization. One way to solve this - problem is to use the ScalarEvolution library, which always presents - VLA and non-VLA indexing in the same manner.</p> -</div> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h2><a name="rules">Rules</a></h2> -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<div> -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> - -<h3> - <a name="bounds">What happens if an array index is out of bounds?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>There are two senses in which an array index can be out of bounds.</p> - - <p>First, there's the array type which comes from the (static) type of - the first operand to the GEP. Indices greater than the number of elements - in the corresponding static array type are valid. There is no problem with - out of bounds indices in this sense. Indexing into an array only depends - on the size of the array element, not the number of elements.</p> - - <p>A common example of how this is used is arrays where the size is not known. - It's common to use array types with zero length to represent these. The - fact that the static type says there are zero elements is irrelevant; it's - perfectly valid to compute arbitrary element indices, as the computation - only depends on the size of the array element, not the number of - elements. Note that zero-sized arrays are not a special case here.</p> - - <p>This sense is unconnected with <tt>inbounds</tt> keyword. The - <tt>inbounds</tt> keyword is designed to describe low-level pointer - arithmetic overflow conditions, rather than high-level array - indexing rules. - - <p>Analysis passes which wish to understand array indexing should not - assume that the static array type bounds are respected.</p> - - <p>The second sense of being out of bounds is computing an address that's - beyond the actual underlying allocated object.</p> - - <p>With the <tt>inbounds</tt> keyword, the result value of the GEP is - undefined if the address is outside the actual underlying allocated - object and not the address one-past-the-end.</p> - - <p>Without the <tt>inbounds</tt> keyword, there are no restrictions - on computing out-of-bounds addresses. Obviously, performing a load or - a store requires an address of allocated and sufficiently aligned - memory. But the GEP itself is only concerned with computing addresses.</p> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h3> - <a name="negative">Can array indices be negative?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>Yes. This is basically a special case of array indices being out - of bounds.</p> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h3> - <a name="compare">Can I compare two values computed with GEPs?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>Yes. If both addresses are within the same allocated object, or - one-past-the-end, you'll get the comparison result you expect. If either - is outside of it, integer arithmetic wrapping may occur, so the - comparison may not be meaningful.</p> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h3> - <a name="types"> - Can I do GEP with a different pointer type than the type of - the underlying object? - </a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>Yes. There are no restrictions on bitcasting a pointer value to an arbitrary - pointer type. The types in a GEP serve only to define the parameters for the - underlying integer computation. They need not correspond with the actual - type of the underlying object.</p> - - <p>Furthermore, loads and stores don't have to use the same types as the type - of the underlying object. Types in this context serve only to specify - memory size and alignment. Beyond that there are merely a hint to the - optimizer indicating how the value will likely be used.</p> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h3> - <a name="null"> - Can I cast an object's address to integer and add it to null? - </a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>You can compute an address that way, but if you use GEP to do the add, - you can't use that pointer to actually access the object, unless the - object is managed outside of LLVM.</p> - - <p>The underlying integer computation is sufficiently defined; null has a - defined value -- zero -- and you can add whatever value you want to it.</p> - - <p>However, it's invalid to access (load from or store to) an LLVM-aware - object with such a pointer. This includes GlobalVariables, Allocas, and - objects pointed to by noalias pointers.</p> - - <p>If you really need this functionality, you can do the arithmetic with - explicit integer instructions, and use inttoptr to convert the result to - an address. Most of GEP's special aliasing rules do not apply to pointers - computed from ptrtoint, arithmetic, and inttoptr sequences.</p> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h3> - <a name="ptrdiff"> - Can I compute the distance between two objects, and add - that value to one address to compute the other address? - </a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>As with arithmetic on null, You can use GEP to compute an address that - way, but you can't use that pointer to actually access the object if you - do, unless the object is managed outside of LLVM.</p> - - <p>Also as above, ptrtoint and inttoptr provide an alternative way to do this - which do not have this restriction.</p> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h3> - <a name="tbaa">Can I do type-based alias analysis on LLVM IR?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>You can't do type-based alias analysis using LLVM's built-in type system, - because LLVM has no restrictions on mixing types in addressing, loads or - stores.</p> - - <p>LLVM's type-based alias analysis pass uses metadata to describe a different - type system (such as the C type system), and performs type-based aliasing - on top of that. Further details are in the - <a href="LangRef.html#tbaa">language reference</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> - -<h3> - <a name="overflow">What happens if a GEP computation overflows?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>If the GEP lacks the <tt>inbounds</tt> keyword, the value is the result - from evaluating the implied two's complement integer computation. However, - since there's no guarantee of where an object will be allocated in the - address space, such values have limited meaning.</p> - - <p>If the GEP has the <tt>inbounds</tt> keyword, the result value is - undefined (a "<a href="LangRef.html#trapvalues">trap value</a>") if the GEP - overflows (i.e. wraps around the end of the address space).</p> - - <p>As such, there are some ramifications of this for inbounds GEPs: scales - implied by array/vector/pointer indices are always known to be "nsw" since - they are signed values that are scaled by the element size. These values - are also allowed to be negative (e.g. "gep i32 *%P, i32 -1") but the - pointer itself is logically treated as an unsigned value. This means that - GEPs have an asymmetric relation between the pointer base (which is treated - as unsigned) and the offset applied to it (which is treated as signed). The - result of the additions within the offset calculation cannot have signed - overflow, but when applied to the base pointer, there can be signed - overflow. - </p> - - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> - -<h3> - <a name="check"> - How can I tell if my front-end is following the rules? - </a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>There is currently no checker for the getelementptr rules. Currently, - the only way to do this is to manually check each place in your front-end - where GetElementPtr operators are created.</p> - - <p>It's not possible to write a checker which could find all rule - violations statically. It would be possible to write a checker which - works by instrumenting the code with dynamic checks though. Alternatively, - it would be possible to write a static checker which catches a subset of - possible problems. However, no such checker exists today.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h2><a name="rationale">Rationale</a></h2> -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<div> -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> - -<h3> - <a name="goals">Why is GEP designed this way?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>The design of GEP has the following goals, in rough unofficial - order of priority:</p> - <ul> - <li>Support C, C-like languages, and languages which can be - conceptually lowered into C (this covers a lot).</li> - <li>Support optimizations such as those that are common in - C compilers. In particular, GEP is a cornerstone of LLVM's - <a href="LangRef.html#pointeraliasing">pointer aliasing model</a>.</li> - <li>Provide a consistent method for computing addresses so that - address computations don't need to be a part of load and - store instructions in the IR.</li> - <li>Support non-C-like languages, to the extent that it doesn't - interfere with other goals.</li> - <li>Minimize target-specific information in the IR.</li> - </ul> -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h3> - <a name="i32">Why do struct member indices always use i32?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>The specific type i32 is probably just a historical artifact, however it's - wide enough for all practical purposes, so there's been no need to change it. - It doesn't necessarily imply i32 address arithmetic; it's just an identifier - which identifies a field in a struct. Requiring that all struct indices be - the same reduces the range of possibilities for cases where two GEPs are - effectively the same but have distinct operand types.</p> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> - -<h3> - <a name="uglygep">What's an uglygep?</a> -</h3> -<div> - <p>Some LLVM optimizers operate on GEPs by internally lowering them into - more primitive integer expressions, which allows them to be combined - with other integer expressions and/or split into multiple separate - integer expressions. If they've made non-trivial changes, translating - back into LLVM IR can involve reverse-engineering the structure of - the addressing in order to fit it into the static type of the original - first operand. It isn't always possibly to fully reconstruct this - structure; sometimes the underlying addressing doesn't correspond with - the static type at all. In such cases the optimizer instead will emit - a GEP with the base pointer casted to a simple address-unit pointer, - using the name "uglygep". This isn't pretty, but it's just as - valid, and it's sufficient to preserve the pointer aliasing guarantees - that GEP provides.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> -<h2><a name="summary">Summary</a></h2> -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> - -<div> - <p>In summary, here's some things to always remember about the GetElementPtr - instruction:</p> - <ol> - <li>The GEP instruction never accesses memory, it only provides pointer - computations.</li> - <li>The first operand to the GEP instruction is always a pointer and it must - be indexed.</li> - <li>There are no superfluous indices for the GEP instruction.</li> - <li>Trailing zero indices are superfluous for pointer aliasing, but not for - the types of the pointers.</li> - <li>Leading zero indices are not superfluous for pointer aliasing nor the - types of the pointers.</li> - </ol> -</div> - -<!-- *********************************************************************** --> - -<hr> -<address> - <a href="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/check/referer"><img - src="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/images/vcss-blue" alt="Valid CSS"></a> - <a href="http://validator.w3.org/check/referer"><img - src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-html401-blue" alt="Valid HTML 4.01"></a> - <a href="http://llvm.org/">The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure</a><br> - Last modified: $Date$ -</address> -</body> -</html> |