Moves the universal printer from gmock to gtest and refactors the cmake script for reusing in gmock (by Vlad Losev).

git-svn-id: http://googletest.googlecode.com/svn/trunk@425 861a406c-534a-0410-8894-cb66d6ee9925

12 files changed, 3293 insertions, 206 deletions

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 8b66122..c9f02e2 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -39,29 +39,9 @@ if (COMMAND set_up_hermetic_build)
   set_up_hermetic_build()
 endif()
 
-if (MSVC)
-  # For MSVC, CMake sets certain flags to defaults we want to override.
-  # This replacement code is taken from sample in the CMake Wiki at
-  # http://www.cmake.org/Wiki/CMake_FAQ#Dynamic_Replace.
-  foreach (flag_var
-           CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE
-           CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO)
-    if (NOT BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
-      # When Google Test is built as a shared library, it should also use
-      # shared runtime libraries.  Otherwise, it may end up with multiple
-      # copies of runtime library data in different modules, resulting in
-      # hard-to-find crashes. When it is built as a static library, it is
-      # preferable to use CRT as static libraries, as we don't have to rely
-      # on CRT DLLs being available. CMake always defaults to using shared
-      # CRT libraries, so we override that default here.
-      string(REPLACE "/MD" "-MT" ${flag_var} "${${flag_var}}")
-    endif()
-
-    # We prefer more strict warning checking for building Google Test.
-    # Replaces /W3 with /W4 in defaults.
-    string(REPLACE "/W3" "-W4" ${flag_var} "${${flag_var}}")
-  endforeach()
-endif()
+include(cmake/internal_utils.cmake)
+
+fix_default_settings()  # Defined in internal_utils.cmake.
 
 # Where gtest's .h files can be found.
 include_directories(
@@ -72,91 +52,10 @@ include_directories(
 link_directories(
   ${gtest_BINARY_DIR}/src)
 
-# Defines CMAKE_USE_PTHREADS_INIT and CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT.
-find_package(Threads)
-
-# Defines the compiler/linker flags used to build gtest.  You can
-# tweak these definitions to suit your need.  A variable's value is
-# empty before it's explicitly assigned to.
-
-if (MSVC)
-  # Newlines inside flags variables break CMake's NMake generator.
-  # TODO(vladl@google.com): Add -RTCs and -RTCu to debug builds.
-  set(cxx_base_flags "-GS -W4 -WX -wd4251 -wd4275 -nologo -J -Zi")
-  set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -D_UNICODE -DUNICODE -DWIN32 -D_WIN32")
-  set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -DSTRICT -DWIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN")
-  set(cxx_exception_flags "-EHsc -D_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=1")
-  set(cxx_no_exception_flags "-D_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=0")
-  set(cxx_no_rtti_flags "-GR-")
-elseif (CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCXX)
-  set(cxx_base_flags "-Wall -Wshadow")
-  set(cxx_exception_flags "-fexceptions")
-  set(cxx_no_exception_flags "-fno-exceptions")
-  # Until version 4.3.2, GCC doesn't define a macro to indicate
-  # whether RTTI is enabled.  Therefore we define GTEST_HAS_RTTI
-  # explicitly.
-  set(cxx_no_rtti_flags "-fno-rtti -DGTEST_HAS_RTTI=0")
-  set(cxx_strict_flags "-Wextra")
-elseif (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "SunPro")
-  set(cxx_exception_flags "-features=except")
-  # Sun Pro doesn't provide macros to indicate whether exceptions and
-  # RTTI are enabled, so we define GTEST_HAS_* explicitly.
-  set(cxx_no_exception_flags "-features=no%except -DGTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=0")
-  set(cxx_no_rtti_flags "-features=no%rtti -DGTEST_HAS_RTTI=0")
-elseif (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "VisualAge" OR
-        CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "XL")
-  # CMake 2.8 changes Visual Age's compiler ID to "XL".
-  set(cxx_exception_flags "-qeh")
-  set(cxx_no_exception_flags "-qnoeh")
-  # Until version 9.0, Visual Age doesn't define a macro to indicate
-  # whether RTTI is enabled.  Therefore we define GTEST_HAS_RTTI
-  # explicitly.
-  set(cxx_no_rtti_flags "-qnortti -DGTEST_HAS_RTTI=0")
-endif()
-
-if (CMAKE_USE_PTHREADS_INIT)  # The pthreads library is available.
-  set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -DGTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=1")
-endif()
-
-# For building gtest's own tests and samples.
-set(cxx_exception "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${cxx_base_flags} ${cxx_exception_flags}")
-set(cxx_no_exception
-    "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${cxx_base_flags} ${cxx_no_exception_flags}")
-set(cxx_default "${cxx_exception}")
-set(cxx_no_rtti "${cxx_default} ${cxx_no_rtti_flags}")
-set(cxx_use_own_tuple "${cxx_default} -DGTEST_USE_OWN_TR1_TUPLE=1")
-
-# For building the gtest libraries.
-set(cxx_strict "${cxx_default} ${cxx_strict_flags}")
-
 ########################################################################
 #
 # Defines the gtest & gtest_main libraries.  User tests should link
 # with one of them.
-function(cxx_library_with_type name type cxx_flags)
-  # type can be either STATIC or SHARED to denote a static or shared library.
-  # ARGN refers to additional arguments after 'cxx_flags'.
-  add_library(${name} ${type} ${ARGN})
-  set_target_properties(${name}
-    PROPERTIES
-    COMPILE_FLAGS "${cxx_flags}")
-  if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS OR type STREQUAL "SHARED")
-    set_target_properties(${name}
-      PROPERTIES
-      COMPILE_DEFINITIONS "GTEST_CREATE_SHARED_LIBRARY=1")
-  endif()
-  if (CMAKE_USE_PTHREADS_INIT)
-    target_link_libraries(${name} ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
-  endif()
-endfunction()
-
-function(cxx_shared_library name cxx_flags)
-  cxx_library_with_type(${name} SHARED "${cxx_flags}" ${ARGN})
-endfunction()
-
-function(cxx_library name cxx_flags)
-  cxx_library_with_type(${name} "" "${cxx_flags}" ${ARGN})
-endfunction()
 
 # Google Test libraries.  We build them using more strict warnings than what
 # are used for other targets, to ensure that gtest can be compiled by a user
@@ -173,39 +72,6 @@ target_link_libraries(gtest_main gtest)
 # build_gtest_samples option to ON.  You can do it by running ccmake
 # or specifying the -Dbuild_gtest_samples=ON flag when running cmake.
 
-# cxx_executable_with_flags(name cxx_flags libs srcs...)
-#
-# creates a named C++ executable that depends on the given libraries and
-# is built from the given source files with the given compiler flags.
-function(cxx_executable_with_flags name cxx_flags libs)
-  add_executable(${name} ${ARGN})
-  if (cxx_flags)
-    set_target_properties(${name}
-      PROPERTIES
-      COMPILE_FLAGS "${cxx_flags}")
-  endif()
-  if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
-    set_target_properties(${name}
-      PROPERTIES
-      COMPILE_DEFINITIONS "GTEST_LINKED_AS_SHARED_LIBRARY=1")
-  endif()
-  # To support mixing linking in static and dynamic libraries, link each
-  # library in with an extra call to target_link_libraries.
-  foreach (lib "${libs}")
-    target_link_libraries(${name} ${lib})
-  endforeach()
-endfunction()
-
-# cxx_executable(name dir lib srcs...)
-#
-# creates a named target that depends on the given libs and is built
-# from the given source files.  dir/name.cc is implicitly included in
-# the source file list.
-function(cxx_executable name dir libs)
-  cxx_executable_with_flags(
-    ${name} "${cxx_default}" "${libs}" "${dir}/${name}.cc" ${ARGN})
-endfunction()
-
 if (build_gtest_samples)
   cxx_executable(sample1_unittest samples gtest_main samples/sample1.cc)
   cxx_executable(sample2_unittest samples gtest_main samples/sample2.cc)
@@ -230,38 +96,14 @@ endif()
 # build_all_gtest_tests option to ON.  You can do it by running ccmake
 # or specifying the -Dbuild_all_gtest_tests=ON flag when running cmake.
 
-# This must be set in the root directory for the tests to be run by
-# 'make test' or ctest.
-enable_testing()
-
-# Sets PYTHONINTERP_FOUND and PYTHON_EXECUTABLE.
-find_package(PythonInterp)
-
-############################################################
-# C++ tests built with standard compiler flags.
-
-# cxx_test_with_flags(name cxx_flags libs srcs...)
-#
-# creates a named C++ test that depends on the given libs and is built
-# from the given source files with the given compiler flags.
-function(cxx_test_with_flags name cxx_flags libs)
-  cxx_executable_with_flags(${name} "${cxx_flags}" "${libs}" ${ARGN})
-  add_test(${name} ${name})
-endfunction()
-
-# cxx_test(name libs srcs...)
-#
-# creates a named test target that depends on the given libs and is
-# built from the given source files.  Unlike cxx_test_with_flags,
-# test/name.cc is already implicitly included in the source file list.
-function(cxx_test name libs)
-  cxx_test_with_flags("${name}" "${cxx_default}" "${libs}"
-    "test/${name}.cc" ${ARGN})
-endfunction()
+if (build_all_gtest_tests)
+  # This must be set in the root directory for the tests to be run by
+  # 'make test' or ctest.
+  enable_testing()
 
-cxx_test(gtest_unittest gtest_main)
+  ############################################################
+  # C++ tests built with standard compiler flags.
 
-if (build_all_gtest_tests)
   cxx_test(gtest-death-test_test gtest_main)
   cxx_test(gtest_environment_test gtest)
   cxx_test(gtest-filepath_test gtest_main)
@@ -275,6 +117,7 @@ if (build_all_gtest_tests)
     test/gtest-param-test2_test.cc)
   cxx_test(gtest-port_test gtest_main)
   cxx_test(gtest_pred_impl_unittest gtest_main)
+  cxx_test(gtest-printers_test gtest_main)
   cxx_test(gtest_prod_test gtest_main
     test/production.cc)
   cxx_test(gtest_repeat_test gtest)
@@ -284,13 +127,12 @@ if (build_all_gtest_tests)
   cxx_test(gtest_throw_on_failure_ex_test gtest)
   cxx_test(gtest-typed-test_test gtest_main
     test/gtest-typed-test2_test.cc)
+  cxx_test(gtest_unittest gtest_main)
   cxx_test(gtest-unittest-api_test gtest)
-endif()
 
-############################################################
-# C++ tests built with non-standard compiler flags.
+  ############################################################
+  # C++ tests built with non-standard compiler flags.
 
-if (build_all_gtest_tests)
   cxx_library(gtest_no_exception "${cxx_no_exception}"
     src/gtest-all.cc)
   cxx_library(gtest_main_no_rtti "${cxx_no_rtti}"
@@ -325,28 +167,9 @@ if (build_all_gtest_tests)
       test/gtest-param-test_test.cc test/gtest-param-test2_test.cc)
   endif()
 
-endif()
-
-############################################################
-# Python tests.
+  ############################################################
+  # Python tests.
 
-# py_test(name)
-#
-# creates a Python test with the given name whose main module is in
-# test/name.py.  It does nothing if Python is not installed.
-function(py_test name)
-  if (PYTHONINTERP_FOUND)
-    # ${gtest_BINARY_DIR} is known at configuration time, so we can
-    # directly bind it from cmake. ${CTEST_CONFIGURATION_TYPE} is known
-    # only at ctest runtime (by calling ctest -c <Configuration>), so
-    # we have to escape $ to delay variable substitution here.
-    add_test(${name}
-      ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${gtest_SOURCE_DIR}/test/${name}.py
-          --gtest_build_dir=${gtest_BINARY_DIR}/\${CTEST_CONFIGURATION_TYPE})
-  endif()
-endfunction()
-
-if (build_all_gtest_tests)
   cxx_executable(gtest_break_on_failure_unittest_ test gtest)
   py_test(gtest_break_on_failure_unittest)
 
diff --git a/Makefile.am b/Makefile.am
index 8d75e32..b4ebc7b 100644
--- a/Makefile.am
+++ b/Makefile.am
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ GTEST_SRC = \
   src/gtest-filepath.cc \
   src/gtest-internal-inl.h \
   src/gtest-port.cc \
+  src/gtest-printers.cc \
   src/gtest-test-part.cc \
   src/gtest-typed-test.cc
 
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ EXTRA_DIST += \
   test/gtest-param-test2_test.cc \
   test/gtest-param-test_test.h \
   test/gtest-port_test.cc \
+  test/gtest-printers_test.cc \
   test/gtest_pred_impl_unittest.cc \
   test/gtest_prod_test.cc \
   test/production.cc \
@@ -186,6 +188,7 @@ pkginclude_HEADERS = include/gtest/gtest.h \
                      include/gtest/gtest-message.h \
                      include/gtest/gtest-param-test.h \
                      include/gtest/gtest_pred_impl.h \
+                     include/gtest/gtest-printers.h \
                      include/gtest/gtest_prod.h \
                      include/gtest/gtest-spi.h \
                      include/gtest/gtest-test-part.h \
diff --git a/cmake/internal_utils.cmake b/cmake/internal_utils.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dea8e16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmake/internal_utils.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+# Defines CMAKE_USE_PTHREADS_INIT and CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT.
+find_package(Threads)
+
+# macro is required here, as inside a function string() will update
+# variables only at the function scope.
+macro(fix_default_settings)
+  if (MSVC)
+    # For MSVC, CMake sets certain flags to defaults we want to override.
+    # This replacement code is taken from sample in the CMake Wiki at
+    # http://www.cmake.org/Wiki/CMake_FAQ#Dynamic_Replace.
+    foreach (flag_var
+             CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE
+             CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO)
+      if (NOT BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
+        # When Google Test is built as a shared library, it should also use
+        # shared runtime libraries.  Otherwise, it may end up with multiple
+        # copies of runtime library data in different modules, resulting in
+        # hard-to-find crashes. When it is built as a static library, it is
+        # preferable to use CRT as static libraries, as we don't have to rely
+        # on CRT DLLs being available. CMake always defaults to using shared
+        # CRT libraries, so we override that default here.
+        string(REPLACE "/MD" "-MT" ${flag_var} "${${flag_var}}")
+      endif()
+
+      # We prefer more strict warning checking for building Google Test.
+      # Replaces /W3 with /W4 in defaults.
+      string(REPLACE "/W3" "-W4" ${flag_var} "${${flag_var}}")
+    endforeach()
+  endif()
+endmacro()
+
+# Defines the compiler/linker flags used to build gtest.  You can
+# tweak these definitions to suit your need.  A variable's value is
+# empty before it's explicitly assigned to.
+
+if (MSVC)
+  # Newlines inside flags variables break CMake's NMake generator.
+  # TODO(vladl@google.com): Add -RTCs and -RTCu to debug builds.
+  set(cxx_base_flags "-GS -W4 -WX -wd4127 -wd4251 -wd4275 -nologo -J -Zi")
+  set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -D_UNICODE -DUNICODE -DWIN32 -D_WIN32")
+  set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -DSTRICT -DWIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN")
+  set(cxx_exception_flags "-EHsc -D_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=1")
+  set(cxx_no_exception_flags "-D_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=0")
+  set(cxx_no_rtti_flags "-GR-")
+elseif (CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCXX)
+  set(cxx_base_flags "-Wall -Wshadow")
+  set(cxx_exception_flags "-fexceptions")
+  set(cxx_no_exception_flags "-fno-exceptions")
+  # Until version 4.3.2, GCC doesn't define a macro to indicate
+  # whether RTTI is enabled.  Therefore we define GTEST_HAS_RTTI
+  # explicitly.
+  set(cxx_no_rtti_flags "-fno-rtti -DGTEST_HAS_RTTI=0")
+  set(cxx_strict_flags "-Wextra")
+elseif (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "SunPro")
+  set(cxx_exception_flags "-features=except")
+  # Sun Pro doesn't provide macros to indicate whether exceptions and
+  # RTTI are enabled, so we define GTEST_HAS_* explicitly.
+  set(cxx_no_exception_flags "-features=no%except -DGTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=0")
+  set(cxx_no_rtti_flags "-features=no%rtti -DGTEST_HAS_RTTI=0")
+elseif (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "VisualAge" OR
+        CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "XL")
+  # CMake 2.8 changes Visual Age's compiler ID to "XL".
+  set(cxx_exception_flags "-qeh")
+  set(cxx_no_exception_flags "-qnoeh")
+  # Until version 9.0, Visual Age doesn't define a macro to indicate
+  # whether RTTI is enabled.  Therefore we define GTEST_HAS_RTTI
+  # explicitly.
+  set(cxx_no_rtti_flags "-qnortti -DGTEST_HAS_RTTI=0")
+endif()
+
+if (CMAKE_USE_PTHREADS_INIT)  # The pthreads library is available.
+  set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -DGTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=1")
+endif()
+
+# For building gtest's own tests and samples.
+set(cxx_exception "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${cxx_base_flags} ${cxx_exception_flags}")
+set(cxx_no_exception
+    "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${cxx_base_flags} ${cxx_no_exception_flags}")
+set(cxx_default "${cxx_exception}")
+set(cxx_no_rtti "${cxx_default} ${cxx_no_rtti_flags}")
+set(cxx_use_own_tuple "${cxx_default} -DGTEST_USE_OWN_TR1_TUPLE=1")
+
+# For building the gtest libraries.
+set(cxx_strict "${cxx_default} ${cxx_strict_flags}")
+
+########################################################################
+#
+# Defines the gtest & gtest_main libraries.  User tests should link
+# with one of them.
+function(cxx_library_with_type name type cxx_flags)
+  # type can be either STATIC or SHARED to denote a static or shared library.
+  # ARGN refers to additional arguments after 'cxx_flags'.
+  add_library(${name} ${type} ${ARGN})
+  set_target_properties(${name}
+    PROPERTIES
+    COMPILE_FLAGS "${cxx_flags}")
+  if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS OR type STREQUAL "SHARED")
+    set_target_properties(${name}
+      PROPERTIES
+      COMPILE_DEFINITIONS "GTEST_CREATE_SHARED_LIBRARY=1")
+  endif()
+  if (CMAKE_USE_PTHREADS_INIT)
+    target_link_libraries(${name} ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
+  endif()
+endfunction()
+
+function(cxx_shared_library name cxx_flags)
+  cxx_library_with_type(${name} SHARED "${cxx_flags}" ${ARGN})
+endfunction()
+
+function(cxx_library name cxx_flags)
+  cxx_library_with_type(${name} "" "${cxx_flags}" ${ARGN})
+endfunction()
+
+# cxx_executable_with_flags(name cxx_flags libs srcs...)
+#
+# creates a named C++ executable that depends on the given libraries and
+# is built from the given source files with the given compiler flags.
+function(cxx_executable_with_flags name cxx_flags libs)
+  add_executable(${name} ${ARGN})
+  if (cxx_flags)
+    set_target_properties(${name}
+      PROPERTIES
+      COMPILE_FLAGS "${cxx_flags}")
+  endif()
+  if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
+    set_target_properties(${name}
+      PROPERTIES
+      COMPILE_DEFINITIONS "GTEST_LINKED_AS_SHARED_LIBRARY=1")
+  endif()
+  # To support mixing linking in static and dynamic libraries, link each
+  # library in with an extra call to target_link_libraries.
+  foreach (lib "${libs}")
+    target_link_libraries(${name} ${lib})
+  endforeach()
+endfunction()
+
+# cxx_executable(name dir lib srcs...)
+#
+# creates a named target that depends on the given libs and is built
+# from the given source files.  dir/name.cc is implicitly included in
+# the source file list.
+function(cxx_executable name dir libs)
+  cxx_executable_with_flags(
+    ${name} "${cxx_default}" "${libs}" "${dir}/${name}.cc" ${ARGN})
+endfunction()
+
+# Sets PYTHONINTERP_FOUND and PYTHON_EXECUTABLE.
+find_package(PythonInterp)
+
+# cxx_test_with_flags(name cxx_flags libs srcs...)
+#
+# creates a named C++ test that depends on the given libs and is built
+# from the given source files with the given compiler flags.
+function(cxx_test_with_flags name cxx_flags libs)
+  cxx_executable_with_flags(${name} "${cxx_flags}" "${libs}" ${ARGN})
+  add_test(${name} ${name})
+endfunction()
+
+# cxx_test(name libs srcs...)
+#
+# creates a named test target that depends on the given libs and is
+# built from the given source files.  Unlike cxx_test_with_flags,
+# test/name.cc is already implicitly included in the source file list.
+function(cxx_test name libs)
+  cxx_test_with_flags("${name}" "${cxx_default}" "${libs}"
+    "test/${name}.cc" ${ARGN})
+endfunction()
+
+# py_test(name)
+#
+# creates a Python test with the given name whose main module is in
+# test/name.py.  It does nothing if Python is not installed.
+function(py_test name)
+  # We are not supporting Python tests on Linux yet as they consider
+  # all Linux environments to be google3 and try to use google3 features.
+  if (PYTHONINTERP_FOUND AND NOT ${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} MATCHES "Linux")
+    # ${gtest_BINARY_DIR} is known at configuration time, so we can
+    # directly bind it from cmake. ${CTEST_CONFIGURATION_TYPE} is known
+    # only at ctest runtime (by calling ctest -c <Configuration>), so
+    # we have to escape $ to delay variable substitution here.
+    add_test(${name}
+      ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${gtest_SOURCE_DIR}/test/${name}.py
+          --gtest_build_dir=${gtest_BINARY_DIR}/\${CTEST_CONFIGURATION_TYPE})
+  endif()
+endfunction()
diff --git a/include/gtest/gtest-printers.h b/include/gtest/gtest-printers.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b15e366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/gtest/gtest-printers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+//
+// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
+
+// Google Test - The Google C++ Testing Framework
+//
+// This file implements a universal value printer that can print a
+// value of any type T:
+//
+//   void ::testing::internal::UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, ostream_ptr);
+//
+// A user can teach this function how to print a class type T by
+// defining either operator<<() or PrintTo() in the namespace that
+// defines T.  More specifically, the FIRST defined function in the
+// following list will be used (assuming T is defined in namespace
+// foo):
+//
+//   1. foo::PrintTo(const T&, ostream*)
+//   2. operator<<(ostream&, const T&) defined in either foo or the
+//      global namespace.
+//
+// If none of the above is defined, it will print the debug string of
+// the value if it is a protocol buffer, or print the raw bytes in the
+// value otherwise.
+//
+// To aid debugging: when T is a reference type, the address of the
+// value is also printed; when T is a (const) char pointer, both the
+// pointer value and the NUL-terminated string it points to are
+// printed.
+//
+// We also provide some convenient wrappers:
+//
+//   // Prints a value to a string.  For a (const or not) char
+//   // pointer, the NUL-terminated string (but not the pointer) is
+//   // printed.
+//   std::string ::testing::PrintToString(const T& value);
+//
+//   // Prints a value tersely: for a reference type, the referenced
+//   // value (but not the address) is printed; for a (const or not) char
+//   // pointer, the NUL-terminated string (but not the pointer) is
+//   // printed.
+//   void ::testing::internal::UniversalTersePrint(const T& value, ostream*);
+//
+//   // Prints value using the type inferred by the compiler.  The difference
+//   // from UniversalTersePrint() is that this function prints both the
+//   // pointer and the NUL-terminated string for a (const or not) char pointer.
+//   void ::testing::internal::UniversalPrint(const T& value, ostream*);
+//
+//   // Prints the fields of a tuple tersely to a string vector, one
+//   // element for each field. Tuple support must be enabled in
+//   // gtest-port.h.
+//   std::vector<string> UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(
+//       const Tuple& value);
+//
+// Known limitation:
+//
+// The print primitives print the elements of an STL-style container
+// using the compiler-inferred type of *iter where iter is a
+// const_iterator of the container.  When const_iterator is an input
+// iterator but not a forward iterator, this inferred type may not
+// match value_type, and the print output may be incorrect.  In
+// practice, this is rarely a problem as for most containers
+// const_iterator is a forward iterator.  We'll fix this if there's an
+// actual need for it.  Note that this fix cannot rely on value_type
+// being defined as many user-defined container types don't have
+// value_type.
+
+#ifndef GTEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_PRINTERS_H_
+#define GTEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_PRINTERS_H_
+
+#include <ostream>  // NOLINT
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+#include <gtest/internal/gtest-port.h>
+#include <gtest/internal/gtest-internal.h>
+
+namespace testing {
+
+// Definitions in the 'internal' and 'internal2' name spaces are
+// subject to change without notice.  DO NOT USE THEM IN USER CODE!
+namespace internal2 {
+
+// Prints the given number of bytes in the given object to the given
+// ostream.
+GTEST_API_ void PrintBytesInObjectTo(const unsigned char* obj_bytes,
+                                     size_t count,
+                                     ::std::ostream* os);
+
+// TypeWithoutFormatter<T, kIsProto>::PrintValue(value, os) is called
+// by the universal printer to print a value of type T when neither
+// operator<< nor PrintTo() is defined for type T.  When T is
+// ProtocolMessage, proto2::Message, or a subclass of those, kIsProto
+// will be true and the short debug string of the protocol message
+// value will be printed; otherwise kIsProto will be false and the
+// bytes in the value will be printed.
+template <typename T, bool kIsProto>
+class TypeWithoutFormatter {
+ public:
+  static void PrintValue(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+    PrintBytesInObjectTo(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(&value),
+                         sizeof(value), os);
+  }
+};
+
+// We print a protobuf using its ShortDebugString() when the string
+// doesn't exceed this many characters; otherwise we print it using
+// DebugString() for better readability.
+const size_t kProtobufOneLinerMaxLength = 50;
+
+template <typename T>
+class TypeWithoutFormatter<T, true> {
+ public:
+  static void PrintValue(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+    const ::testing::internal::string short_str = value.ShortDebugString();
+    const ::testing::internal::string pretty_str =
+        short_str.length() <= kProtobufOneLinerMaxLength ?
+        short_str : ("\n" + value.DebugString());
+    ::std::operator<<(*os, "<" + pretty_str + ">");
+  }
+};
+
+// Prints the given value to the given ostream.  If the value is a
+// protocol message, its short debug string is printed; otherwise the
+// bytes in the value are printed.  This is what
+// UniversalPrinter<T>::Print() does when it knows nothing about type
+// T and T has no << operator.
+//
+// A user can override this behavior for a class type Foo by defining
+// a << operator in the namespace where Foo is defined.
+//
+// We put this operator in namespace 'internal2' instead of 'internal'
+// to simplify the implementation, as much code in 'internal' needs to
+// use << in STL, which would conflict with our own << were it defined
+// in 'internal'.
+//
+// Note that this operator<< takes a generic std::basic_ostream<Char,
+// CharTraits> type instead of the more restricted std::ostream.  If
+// we define it to take an std::ostream instead, we'll get an
+// "ambiguous overloads" compiler error when trying to print a type
+// Foo that supports streaming to std::basic_ostream<Char,
+// CharTraits>, as the compiler cannot tell whether
+// operator<<(std::ostream&, const T&) or
+// operator<<(std::basic_stream<Char, CharTraits>, const Foo&) is more
+// specific.
+template <typename Char, typename CharTraits, typename T>
+::std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& operator<<(
+    ::std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& os, const T& x) {
+  TypeWithoutFormatter<T, ::testing::internal::IsAProtocolMessage<T>::value>::
+      PrintValue(x, &os);
+  return os;
+}
+
+}  // namespace internal2
+}  // namespace testing
+
+// This namespace MUST NOT BE NESTED IN ::testing, or the name look-up
+// magic needed for implementing UniversalPrinter won't work.
+namespace testing_internal {
+
+// Used to print a value that is not an STL-style container when the
+// user doesn't define PrintTo() for it.
+template <typename T>
+void DefaultPrintNonContainerTo(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  // With the following statement, during unqualified name lookup,
+  // testing::internal2::operator<< appears as if it was declared in
+  // the nearest enclosing namespace that contains both
+  // ::testing_internal and ::testing::internal2, i.e. the global
+  // namespace.  For more details, refer to the C++ Standard section
+  // 7.3.4-1 [namespace.udir].  This allows us to fall back onto
+  // testing::internal2::operator<< in case T doesn't come with a <<
+  // operator.
+  //
+  // We cannot write 'using ::testing::internal2::operator<<;', which
+  // gcc 3.3 fails to compile due to a compiler bug.
+  using namespace ::testing::internal2;  // NOLINT
+
+  // Assuming T is defined in namespace foo, in the next statement,
+  // the compiler will consider all of:
+  //
+  //   1. foo::operator<< (thanks to Koenig look-up),
+  //   2. ::operator<< (as the current namespace is enclosed in ::),
+  //   3. testing::internal2::operator<< (thanks to the using statement above).
+  //
+  // The operator<< whose type matches T best will be picked.
+  //
+  // We deliberately allow #2 to be a candidate, as sometimes it's
+  // impossible to define #1 (e.g. when foo is ::std, defining
+  // anything in it is undefined behavior unless you are a compiler
+  // vendor.).
+  *os << value;
+}
+
+}  // namespace testing_internal
+
+namespace testing {
+namespace internal {
+
+// UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, ostream_ptr) prints the given
+// value to the given ostream.  The caller must ensure that
+// 'ostream_ptr' is not NULL, or the behavior is undefined.
+//
+// We define UniversalPrinter as a class template (as opposed to a
+// function template), as we need to partially specialize it for
+// reference types, which cannot be done with function templates.
+template <typename T>
+class UniversalPrinter;
+
+template <typename T>
+void UniversalPrint(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os);
+
+// Used to print an STL-style container when the user doesn't define
+// a PrintTo() for it.
+template <typename C>
+void DefaultPrintTo(IsContainer /* dummy */,
+                    false_type /* is not a pointer */,
+                    const C& container, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  const size_t kMaxCount = 32;  // The maximum number of elements to print.
+  *os << '{';
+  size_t count = 0;
+  for (typename C::const_iterator it = container.begin();
+       it != container.end(); ++it, ++count) {
+    if (count > 0) {
+      *os << ',';
+      if (count == kMaxCount) {  // Enough has been printed.
+        *os << " ...";
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    *os << ' ';
+    // We cannot call PrintTo(*it, os) here as PrintTo() doesn't
+    // handle *it being a native array.
+    internal::UniversalPrint(*it, os);
+  }
+
+  if (count > 0) {
+    *os << ' ';
+  }
+  *os << '}';
+}
+
+// Used to print a pointer that is neither a char pointer nor a member
+// pointer, when the user doesn't define PrintTo() for it.  (A member
+// variable pointer or member function pointer doesn't really point to
+// a location in the address space.  Their representation is
+// implementation-defined.  Therefore they will be printed as raw
+// bytes.)
+template <typename T>
+void DefaultPrintTo(IsNotContainer /* dummy */,
+                    true_type /* is a pointer */,
+                    T* p, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  if (p == NULL) {
+    *os << "NULL";
+  } else {
+    // We want to print p as a const void*.  However, we cannot cast
+    // it to const void* directly, even using reinterpret_cast, as
+    // earlier versions of gcc (e.g. 3.4.5) cannot compile the cast
+    // when p is a function pointer.  Casting to UInt64 first solves
+    // the problem.
+    *os << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(reinterpret_cast<internal::UInt64>(p));
+  }
+}
+
+// Used to print a non-container, non-pointer value when the user
+// doesn't define PrintTo() for it.
+template <typename T>
+void DefaultPrintTo(IsNotContainer /* dummy */,
+                    false_type /* is not a pointer */,
+                    const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  ::testing_internal::DefaultPrintNonContainerTo(value, os);
+}
+
+// Prints the given value using the << operator if it has one;
+// otherwise prints the bytes in it.  This is what
+// UniversalPrinter<T>::Print() does when PrintTo() is not specialized
+// or overloaded for type T.
+//
+// A user can override this behavior for a class type Foo by defining
+// an overload of PrintTo() in the namespace where Foo is defined.  We
+// give the user this option as sometimes defining a << operator for
+// Foo is not desirable (e.g. the coding style may prevent doing it,
+// or there is already a << operator but it doesn't do what the user
+// wants).
+template <typename T>
+void PrintTo(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  // DefaultPrintTo() is overloaded.  The type of its first two
+  // arguments determine which version will be picked.  If T is an
+  // STL-style container, the version for container will be called; if
+  // T is a pointer, the pointer version will be called; otherwise the
+  // generic version will be called.
+  //
+  // Note that we check for container types here, prior to we check
+  // for protocol message types in our operator<<.  The rationale is:
+  //
+  // For protocol messages, we want to give people a chance to
+  // override Google Mock's format by defining a PrintTo() or
+  // operator<<.  For STL containers, other formats can be
+  // incompatible with Google Mock's format for the container
+  // elements; therefore we check for container types here to ensure
+  // that our format is used.
+  //
+  // The second argument of DefaultPrintTo() is needed to bypass a bug
+  // in Symbian's C++ compiler that prevents it from picking the right
+  // overload between:
+  //
+  //   PrintTo(const T& x, ...);
+  //   PrintTo(T* x, ...);
+  DefaultPrintTo(IsContainerTest<T>(0), is_pointer<T>(), value, os);
+}
+
+// The following list of PrintTo() overloads tells
+// UniversalPrinter<T>::Print() how to print standard types (built-in
+// types, strings, plain arrays, and pointers).
+
+// Overloads for various char types.
+GTEST_API_ void PrintCharTo(char c, int char_code, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(unsigned char c, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintCharTo(c, c, os);
+}
+inline void PrintTo(signed char c, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintCharTo(c, c, os);
+}
+inline void PrintTo(char c, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  // When printing a plain char, we always treat it as unsigned.  This
+  // way, the output won't be affected by whether the compiler thinks
+  // char is signed or not.
+  PrintTo(static_cast<unsigned char>(c), os);
+}
+
+// Overloads for other simple built-in types.
+inline void PrintTo(bool x, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  *os << (x ? "true" : "false");
+}
+
+// Overload for wchar_t type.
+// Prints a wchar_t as a symbol if it is printable or as its internal
+// code otherwise and also as its decimal code (except for L'\0').
+// The L'\0' char is printed as "L'\\0'". The decimal code is printed
+// as signed integer when wchar_t is implemented by the compiler
+// as a signed type and is printed as an unsigned integer when wchar_t
+// is implemented as an unsigned type.
+GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(wchar_t wc, ::std::ostream* os);
+
+// Overloads for C strings.
+GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(const char* s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(char* s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintTo(implicit_cast<const char*>(s), os);
+}
+
+// MSVC can be configured to define wchar_t as a typedef of unsigned
+// short.  It defines _NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED when wchar_t is a native
+// type.  When wchar_t is a typedef, defining an overload for const
+// wchar_t* would cause unsigned short* be printed as a wide string,
+// possibly causing invalid memory accesses.
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)
+// Overloads for wide C strings
+GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(const wchar_t* s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(wchar_t* s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintTo(implicit_cast<const wchar_t*>(s), os);
+}
+#endif
+
+// Overload for C arrays.  Multi-dimensional arrays are printed
+// properly.
+
+// Prints the given number of elements in an array, without printing
+// the curly braces.
+template <typename T>
+void PrintRawArrayTo(const T a[], size_t count, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(a[0], os);
+  for (size_t i = 1; i != count; i++) {
+    *os << ", ";
+    UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(a[i], os);
+  }
+}
+
+// Overloads for ::string and ::std::string.
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+GTEST_API_ void PrintStringTo(const ::string&s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(const ::string& s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintStringTo(s, os);
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+
+GTEST_API_ void PrintStringTo(const ::std::string&s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(const ::std::string& s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintStringTo(s, os);
+}
+
+// Overloads for ::wstring and ::std::wstring.
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
+GTEST_API_ void PrintWideStringTo(const ::wstring&s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(const ::wstring& s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintWideStringTo(s, os);
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
+GTEST_API_ void PrintWideStringTo(const ::std::wstring&s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(const ::std::wstring& s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintWideStringTo(s, os);
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE
+// Overload for ::std::tr1::tuple.  Needed for printing function arguments,
+// which are packed as tuples.
+
+// Helper function for printing a tuple.  T must be instantiated with
+// a tuple type.
+template <typename T>
+void PrintTupleTo(const T& t, ::std::ostream* os);
+
+// Overloaded PrintTo() for tuples of various arities.  We support
+// tuples of up-to 10 fields.  The following implementation works
+// regardless of whether tr1::tuple is implemented using the
+// non-standard variadic template feature or not.
+
+inline void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<>& t, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintTupleTo(t, os);
+}
+
+template <typename T1>
+void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1>& t, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintTupleTo(t, os);
+}
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2>& t, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintTupleTo(t, os);
+}
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
+void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3>& t, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintTupleTo(t, os);
+}
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4>
+void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3, T4>& t, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintTupleTo(t, os);
+}
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5>
+void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5>& t,
+             ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintTupleTo(t, os);
+}
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5,
+          typename T6>
+void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6>& t,
+             ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintTupleTo(t, os);
+}
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5,
+          typename T6, typename T7>
+void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7>& t,
+             ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintTupleTo(t, os);
+}
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5,
+          typename T6, typename T7, typename T8>
+void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8>& t,
+             ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintTupleTo(t, os);
+}
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5,
+          typename T6, typename T7, typename T8, typename T9>
+void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9>& t,
+             ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintTupleTo(t, os);
+}
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5,
+          typename T6, typename T7, typename T8, typename T9, typename T10>
+void PrintTo(
+    const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10>& t,
+    ::std::ostream* os) {
+  PrintTupleTo(t, os);
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE
+
+// Overload for std::pair.
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+void PrintTo(const ::std::pair<T1, T2>& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  *os << '(';
+  UniversalPrinter<T1>::Print(value.first, os);
+  *os << ", ";
+  UniversalPrinter<T2>::Print(value.second, os);
+  *os << ')';
+}
+
+// Implements printing a non-reference type T by letting the compiler
+// pick the right overload of PrintTo() for T.
+template <typename T>
+class UniversalPrinter {
+ public:
+  // MSVC warns about adding const to a function type, so we want to
+  // disable the warning.
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(push)          // Saves the current warning state.
+#pragma warning(disable:4180)  // Temporarily disables warning 4180.
+#endif  // _MSC_VER
+
+  // Note: we deliberately don't call this PrintTo(), as that name
+  // conflicts with ::testing::internal::PrintTo in the body of the
+  // function.
+  static void Print(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+    // By default, ::testing::internal::PrintTo() is used for printing
+    // the value.
+    //
+    // Thanks to Koenig look-up, if T is a class and has its own
+    // PrintTo() function defined in its namespace, that function will
+    // be visible here.  Since it is more specific than the generic ones
+    // in ::testing::internal, it will be picked by the compiler in the
+    // following statement - exactly what we want.
+    PrintTo(value, os);
+  }
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(pop)           // Restores the warning state.
+#endif  // _MSC_VER
+};
+
+// UniversalPrintArray(begin, len, os) prints an array of 'len'
+// elements, starting at address 'begin'.
+template <typename T>
+void UniversalPrintArray(const T* begin, size_t len, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  if (len == 0) {
+    *os << "{}";
+  } else {
+    *os << "{ ";
+    const size_t kThreshold = 18;
+    const size_t kChunkSize = 8;
+    // If the array has more than kThreshold elements, we'll have to
+    // omit some details by printing only the first and the last
+    // kChunkSize elements.
+    // TODO(wan@google.com): let the user control the threshold using a flag.
+    if (len <= kThreshold) {
+      PrintRawArrayTo(begin, len, os);
+    } else {
+      PrintRawArrayTo(begin, kChunkSize, os);
+      *os << ", ..., ";
+      PrintRawArrayTo(begin + len - kChunkSize, kChunkSize, os);
+    }
+    *os << " }";
+  }
+}
+// This overload prints a (const) char array compactly.
+GTEST_API_ void UniversalPrintArray(const char* begin,
+                                    size_t len,
+                                    ::std::ostream* os);
+
+// Implements printing an array type T[N].
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+class UniversalPrinter<T[N]> {
+ public:
+  // Prints the given array, omitting some elements when there are too
+  // many.
+  static void Print(const T (&a)[N], ::std::ostream* os) {
+    UniversalPrintArray(a, N, os);
+  }
+};
+
+// Implements printing a reference type T&.
+template <typename T>
+class UniversalPrinter<T&> {
+ public:
+  // MSVC warns about adding const to a function type, so we want to
+  // disable the warning.
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(push)          // Saves the current warning state.
+#pragma warning(disable:4180)  // Temporarily disables warning 4180.
+#endif  // _MSC_VER
+
+  static void Print(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+    // Prints the address of the value.  We use reinterpret_cast here
+    // as static_cast doesn't compile when T is a function type.
+    *os << "@" << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&value) << " ";
+
+    // Then prints the value itself.
+    UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, os);
+  }
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(pop)           // Restores the warning state.
+#endif  // _MSC_VER
+};
+
+// Prints a value tersely: for a reference type, the referenced value
+// (but not the address) is printed; for a (const) char pointer, the
+// NUL-terminated string (but not the pointer) is printed.
+template <typename T>
+void UniversalTersePrint(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, os);
+}
+inline void UniversalTersePrint(const char* str, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  if (str == NULL) {
+    *os << "NULL";
+  } else {
+    UniversalPrinter<string>::Print(string(str), os);
+  }
+}
+inline void UniversalTersePrint(char* str, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  UniversalTersePrint(static_cast<const char*>(str), os);
+}
+
+// Prints a value using the type inferred by the compiler.  The
+// difference between this and UniversalTersePrint() is that for a
+// (const) char pointer, this prints both the pointer and the
+// NUL-terminated string.
+template <typename T>
+void UniversalPrint(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, os);
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE
+typedef ::std::vector<string> Strings;
+
+// This helper template allows PrintTo() for tuples and
+// UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings() to be defined by
+// induction on the number of tuple fields.  The idea is that
+// TuplePrefixPrinter<N>::PrintPrefixTo(t, os) prints the first N
+// fields in tuple t, and can be defined in terms of
+// TuplePrefixPrinter<N - 1>.
+
+// The inductive case.
+template <size_t N>
+struct TuplePrefixPrinter {
+  // Prints the first N fields of a tuple.
+  template <typename Tuple>
+  static void PrintPrefixTo(const Tuple& t, ::std::ostream* os) {
+    TuplePrefixPrinter<N - 1>::PrintPrefixTo(t, os);
+    *os << ", ";
+    UniversalPrinter<typename ::std::tr1::tuple_element<N - 1, Tuple>::type>
+        ::Print(::std::tr1::get<N - 1>(t), os);
+  }
+
+  // Tersely prints the first N fields of a tuple to a string vector,
+  // one element for each field.
+  template <typename Tuple>
+  static void TersePrintPrefixToStrings(const Tuple& t, Strings* strings) {
+    TuplePrefixPrinter<N - 1>::TersePrintPrefixToStrings(t, strings);
+    ::std::stringstream ss;
+    UniversalTersePrint(::std::tr1::get<N - 1>(t), &ss);
+    strings->push_back(ss.str());
+  }
+};
+
+// Base cases.
+template <>
+struct TuplePrefixPrinter<0> {
+  template <typename Tuple>
+  static void PrintPrefixTo(const Tuple&, ::std::ostream*) {}
+
+  template <typename Tuple>
+  static void TersePrintPrefixToStrings(const Tuple&, Strings*) {}
+};
+template <>
+template <typename Tuple>
+void TuplePrefixPrinter<1>::PrintPrefixTo(const Tuple& t, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  UniversalPrinter<typename ::std::tr1::tuple_element<0, Tuple>::type>::
+      Print(::std::tr1::get<0>(t), os);
+}
+
+// Helper function for printing a tuple.  T must be instantiated with
+// a tuple type.
+template <typename T>
+void PrintTupleTo(const T& t, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  *os << "(";
+  TuplePrefixPrinter< ::std::tr1::tuple_size<T>::value>::
+      PrintPrefixTo(t, os);
+  *os << ")";
+}
+
+// Prints the fields of a tuple tersely to a string vector, one
+// element for each field.  See the comment before
+// UniversalTersePrint() for how we define "tersely".
+template <typename Tuple>
+Strings UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(const Tuple& value) {
+  Strings result;
+  TuplePrefixPrinter< ::std::tr1::tuple_size<Tuple>::value>::
+      TersePrintPrefixToStrings(value, &result);
+  return result;
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE
+
+}  // namespace internal
+
+template <typename T>
+::std::string PrintToString(const T& value) {
+  ::std::stringstream ss;
+  internal::UniversalTersePrint(value, &ss);
+  return ss.str();
+}
+
+}  // namespace testing
+
+#endif  // GTEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_PRINTERS_H_
diff --git a/include/gtest/gtest.h b/include/gtest/gtest.h
index d027724..4599aba 100644
--- a/include/gtest/gtest.h
+++ b/include/gtest/gtest.h
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest-death-test.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest-message.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest-param-test.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest-printers.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest_prod.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest-test-part.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest-typed-test.h>
@@ -1926,17 +1927,6 @@ GTEST_API_ AssertionResult DoubleLE(const char* expr1, const char* expr2,
   ::testing::internal::ScopedTrace GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(gtest_trace_, __LINE__)(\
     __FILE__, __LINE__, ::testing::Message() << (message))
 
-namespace internal {
-
-// This template is declared, but intentionally undefined.
-template <typename T1, typename T2>
-struct StaticAssertTypeEqHelper;
-
-template <typename T>
-struct StaticAssertTypeEqHelper<T, T> {};
-
-}  // namespace internal
-
 // Compile-time assertion for type equality.
 // StaticAssertTypeEq<type1, type2>() compiles iff type1 and type2 are
 // the same type.  The value it returns is not interesting.
@@ -1969,7 +1959,7 @@ struct StaticAssertTypeEqHelper<T, T> {};
 // to cause a compiler error.
 template <typename T1, typename T2>
 bool StaticAssertTypeEq() {
-  (void)internal::StaticAssertTypeEqHelper<T1, T2>();
+  internal::StaticAssertTypeEqHelper<T1, T2>();
   return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/include/gtest/internal/gtest-internal.h b/include/gtest/internal/gtest-internal.h
index 31a66e9..dc48601 100644
--- a/include/gtest/internal/gtest-internal.h
+++ b/include/gtest/internal/gtest-internal.h
@@ -97,6 +97,9 @@ inline void GTestStreamToHelper(std::ostream* os, const T& val) {
   *os << val;
 }
 
+class ProtocolMessage;
+namespace proto2 { class Message; }
+
 namespace testing {
 
 // Forward declaration of classes.
@@ -784,6 +787,292 @@ class GTEST_API_ Random {
   GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(Random);
 };
 
+// Defining a variable of type CompileAssertTypesEqual<T1, T2> will cause a
+// compiler error iff T1 and T2 are different types.
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+struct CompileAssertTypesEqual;
+
+template <typename T>
+struct CompileAssertTypesEqual<T, T> {
+};
+
+// Removes the reference from a type if it is a reference type,
+// otherwise leaves it unchanged.  This is the same as
+// tr1::remove_reference, which is not widely available yet.
+template <typename T>
+struct RemoveReference { typedef T type; };  // NOLINT
+template <typename T>
+struct RemoveReference<T&> { typedef T type; };  // NOLINT
+
+// A handy wrapper around RemoveReference that works when the argument
+// T depends on template parameters.
+#define GTEST_REMOVE_REFERENCE_(T) \
+    typename ::testing::internal::RemoveReference<T>::type
+
+// Removes const from a type if it is a const type, otherwise leaves
+// it unchanged.  This is the same as tr1::remove_const, which is not
+// widely available yet.
+template <typename T>
+struct RemoveConst { typedef T type; };  // NOLINT
+template <typename T>
+struct RemoveConst<const T> { typedef T type; };  // NOLINT
+
+// MSVC 8.0 has a bug which causes the above definition to fail to
+// remove the const in 'const int[3]'.  The following specialization
+// works around the bug.  However, it causes trouble with gcc and thus
+// needs to be conditionally compiled.
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+struct RemoveConst<T[N]> {
+  typedef typename RemoveConst<T>::type type[N];
+};
+#endif  // _MSC_VER
+
+// A handy wrapper around RemoveConst that works when the argument
+// T depends on template parameters.
+#define GTEST_REMOVE_CONST_(T) \
+    typename ::testing::internal::RemoveConst<T>::type
+
+// Adds reference to a type if it is not a reference type,
+// otherwise leaves it unchanged.  This is the same as
+// tr1::add_reference, which is not widely available yet.
+template <typename T>
+struct AddReference { typedef T& type; };  // NOLINT
+template <typename T>
+struct AddReference<T&> { typedef T& type; };  // NOLINT
+
+// A handy wrapper around AddReference that works when the argument T
+// depends on template parameters.
+#define GTEST_ADD_REFERENCE_(T) \
+    typename ::testing::internal::AddReference<T>::type
+
+// Adds a reference to const on top of T as necessary.  For example,
+// it transforms
+//
+//   char         ==> const char&
+//   const char   ==> const char&
+//   char&        ==> const char&
+//   const char&  ==> const char&
+//
+// The argument T must depend on some template parameters.
+#define GTEST_REFERENCE_TO_CONST_(T) \
+    GTEST_ADD_REFERENCE_(const GTEST_REMOVE_REFERENCE_(T))
+
+// ImplicitlyConvertible<From, To>::value is a compile-time bool
+// constant that's true iff type From can be implicitly converted to
+// type To.
+template <typename From, typename To>
+class ImplicitlyConvertible {
+ private:
+  // We need the following helper functions only for their types.
+  // They have no implementations.
+
+  // MakeFrom() is an expression whose type is From.  We cannot simply
+  // use From(), as the type From may not have a public default
+  // constructor.
+  static From MakeFrom();
+
+  // These two functions are overloaded.  Given an expression
+  // Helper(x), the compiler will pick the first version if x can be
+  // implicitly converted to type To; otherwise it will pick the
+  // second version.
+  //
+  // The first version returns a value of size 1, and the second
+  // version returns a value of size 2.  Therefore, by checking the
+  // size of Helper(x), which can be done at compile time, we can tell
+  // which version of Helper() is used, and hence whether x can be
+  // implicitly converted to type To.
+  static char Helper(To);
+  static char (&Helper(...))[2];  // NOLINT
+
+  // We have to put the 'public' section after the 'private' section,
+  // or MSVC refuses to compile the code.
+ public:
+  // MSVC warns about implicitly converting from double to int for
+  // possible loss of data, so we need to temporarily disable the
+  // warning.
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(push)          // Saves the current warning state.
+#pragma warning(disable:4244)  // Temporarily disables warning 4244.
+  static const bool value =
+      sizeof(Helper(ImplicitlyConvertible::MakeFrom())) == 1;
+#pragma warning(pop)           // Restores the warning state.
+#else
+  static const bool value =
+      sizeof(Helper(ImplicitlyConvertible::MakeFrom())) == 1;
+#endif  // _MSV_VER
+};
+template <typename From, typename To>
+const bool ImplicitlyConvertible<From, To>::value;
+
+// IsAProtocolMessage<T>::value is a compile-time bool constant that's
+// true iff T is type ProtocolMessage, proto2::Message, or a subclass
+// of those.
+template <typename T>
+struct IsAProtocolMessage
+    : public bool_constant<
+  ImplicitlyConvertible<const T*, const ::ProtocolMessage*>::value ||
+  ImplicitlyConvertible<const T*, const ::proto2::Message*>::value> {
+};
+
+// When the compiler sees expression IsContainerTest<C>(0), the first
+// overload of IsContainerTest will be picked if C is an STL-style
+// container class (since C::const_iterator* is a valid type and 0 can
+// be converted to it), while the second overload will be picked
+// otherwise (since C::const_iterator will be an invalid type in this
+// case).  Therefore, we can determine whether C is a container class
+// by checking the type of IsContainerTest<C>(0).  The value of the
+// expression is insignificant.
+typedef int IsContainer;
+template <class C>
+IsContainer IsContainerTest(typename C::const_iterator*) { return 0; }
+
+typedef char IsNotContainer;
+template <class C>
+IsNotContainer IsContainerTest(...) { return '\0'; }
+
+// Utilities for native arrays.
+
+// ArrayEq() compares two k-dimensional native arrays using the
+// elements' operator==, where k can be any integer >= 0.  When k is
+// 0, ArrayEq() degenerates into comparing a single pair of values.
+
+template <typename T, typename U>
+bool ArrayEq(const T* lhs, size_t size, const U* rhs);
+
+// This generic version is used when k is 0.
+template <typename T, typename U>
+inline bool ArrayEq(const T& lhs, const U& rhs) { return lhs == rhs; }
+
+// This overload is used when k >= 1.
+template <typename T, typename U, size_t N>
+inline bool ArrayEq(const T(&lhs)[N], const U(&rhs)[N]) {
+  return internal::ArrayEq(lhs, N, rhs);
+}
+
+// This helper reduces code bloat.  If we instead put its logic inside
+// the previous ArrayEq() function, arrays with different sizes would
+// lead to different copies of the template code.
+template <typename T, typename U>
+bool ArrayEq(const T* lhs, size_t size, const U* rhs) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i != size; i++) {
+    if (!internal::ArrayEq(lhs[i], rhs[i]))
+      return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Finds the first element in the iterator range [begin, end) that
+// equals elem.  Element may be a native array type itself.
+template <typename Iter, typename Element>
+Iter ArrayAwareFind(Iter begin, Iter end, const Element& elem) {
+  for (Iter it = begin; it != end; ++it) {
+    if (internal::ArrayEq(*it, elem))
+      return it;
+  }
+  return end;
+}
+
+// CopyArray() copies a k-dimensional native array using the elements'
+// operator=, where k can be any integer >= 0.  When k is 0,
+// CopyArray() degenerates into copying a single value.
+
+template <typename T, typename U>
+void CopyArray(const T* from, size_t size, U* to);
+
+// This generic version is used when k is 0.
+template <typename T, typename U>
+inline void CopyArray(const T& from, U* to) { *to = from; }
+
+// This overload is used when k >= 1.
+template <typename T, typename U, size_t N>
+inline void CopyArray(const T(&from)[N], U(*to)[N]) {
+  internal::CopyArray(from, N, *to);
+}
+
+// This helper reduces code bloat.  If we instead put its logic inside
+// the previous CopyArray() function, arrays with different sizes
+// would lead to different copies of the template code.
+template <typename T, typename U>
+void CopyArray(const T* from, size_t size, U* to) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i != size; i++) {
+    internal::CopyArray(from[i], to + i);
+  }
+}
+
+// The relation between an NativeArray object (see below) and the
+// native array it represents.
+enum RelationToSource {
+  kReference,  // The NativeArray references the native array.
+  kCopy        // The NativeArray makes a copy of the native array and
+               // owns the copy.
+};
+
+// Adapts a native array to a read-only STL-style container.  Instead
+// of the complete STL container concept, this adaptor only implements
+// members useful for Google Mock's container matchers.  New members
+// should be added as needed.  To simplify the implementation, we only
+// support Element being a raw type (i.e. having no top-level const or
+// reference modifier).  It's the client's responsibility to satisfy
+// this requirement.  Element can be an array type itself (hence
+// multi-dimensional arrays are supported).
+template <typename Element>
+class NativeArray {
+ public:
+  // STL-style container typedefs.
+  typedef Element value_type;
+  typedef const Element* const_iterator;
+
+  // Constructs from a native array.
+  NativeArray(const Element* array, size_t count, RelationToSource relation) {
+    Init(array, count, relation);
+  }
+
+  // Copy constructor.
+  NativeArray(const NativeArray& rhs) {
+    Init(rhs.array_, rhs.size_, rhs.relation_to_source_);
+  }
+
+  ~NativeArray() {
+    // Ensures that the user doesn't instantiate NativeArray with a
+    // const or reference type.
+    static_cast<void>(StaticAssertTypeEqHelper<Element,
+        GTEST_REMOVE_CONST_(GTEST_REMOVE_REFERENCE_(Element))>());
+    if (relation_to_source_ == kCopy)
+      delete[] array_;
+  }
+
+  // STL-style container methods.
+  size_t size() const { return size_; }
+  const_iterator begin() const { return array_; }
+  const_iterator end() const { return array_ + size_; }
+  bool operator==(const NativeArray& rhs) const {
+    return size() == rhs.size() &&
+        ArrayEq(begin(), size(), rhs.begin());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // Initializes this object; makes a copy of the input array if
+  // 'relation' is kCopy.
+  void Init(const Element* array, size_t a_size, RelationToSource relation) {
+    if (relation == kReference) {
+      array_ = array;
+    } else {
+      Element* const copy = new Element[a_size];
+      CopyArray(array, a_size, copy);
+      array_ = copy;
+    }
+    size_ = a_size;
+    relation_to_source_ = relation;
+  }
+
+  const Element* array_;
+  size_t size_;
+  RelationToSource relation_to_source_;
+
+  GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_(NativeArray);
+};
+
 }  // namespace internal
 }  // namespace testing
 
diff --git a/include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h b/include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h
index a2a62be..f2c80f3 100644
--- a/include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h
+++ b/include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h
@@ -609,6 +609,91 @@ namespace internal {
 
 class String;
 
+// The GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_ macro can be used to verify that a compile time
+// expression is true. For example, you could use it to verify the
+// size of a static array:
+//
+//   GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_(ARRAYSIZE(content_type_names) == CONTENT_NUM_TYPES,
+//                         content_type_names_incorrect_size);
+//
+// or to make sure a struct is smaller than a certain size:
+//
+//   GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_(sizeof(foo) < 128, foo_too_large);
+//
+// The second argument to the macro is the name of the variable. If
+// the expression is false, most compilers will issue a warning/error
+// containing the name of the variable.
+
+template <bool>
+struct CompileAssert {
+};
+
+#define GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_(expr, msg) \
+  typedef ::testing::internal::CompileAssert<(bool(expr))> \
+      msg[bool(expr) ? 1 : -1]
+
+// Implementation details of GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_:
+//
+// - GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_ works by defining an array type that has -1
+//   elements (and thus is invalid) when the expression is false.
+//
+// - The simpler definition
+//
+//    #define GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_(expr, msg) typedef char msg[(expr) ? 1 : -1]
+//
+//   does not work, as gcc supports variable-length arrays whose sizes
+//   are determined at run-time (this is gcc's extension and not part
+//   of the C++ standard).  As a result, gcc fails to reject the
+//   following code with the simple definition:
+//
+//     int foo;
+//     GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_(foo, msg); // not supposed to compile as foo is
+//                                      // not a compile-time constant.
+//
+// - By using the type CompileAssert<(bool(expr))>, we ensures that
+//   expr is a compile-time constant.  (Template arguments must be
+//   determined at compile-time.)
+//
+// - The outter parentheses in CompileAssert<(bool(expr))> are necessary
+//   to work around a bug in gcc 3.4.4 and 4.0.1.  If we had written
+//
+//     CompileAssert<bool(expr)>
+//
+//   instead, these compilers will refuse to compile
+//
+//     GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_(5 > 0, some_message);
+//
+//   (They seem to think the ">" in "5 > 0" marks the end of the
+//   template argument list.)
+//
+// - The array size is (bool(expr) ? 1 : -1), instead of simply
+//
+//     ((expr) ? 1 : -1).
+//
+//   This is to avoid running into a bug in MS VC 7.1, which
+//   causes ((0.0) ? 1 : -1) to incorrectly evaluate to 1.
+
+// StaticAssertTypeEqHelper is used by StaticAssertTypeEq defined in gtest.h.
+//
+// This template is declared, but intentionally undefined.
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+struct StaticAssertTypeEqHelper;
+
+template <typename T>
+struct StaticAssertTypeEqHelper<T, T> {};
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+typedef ::string string;
+#else
+typedef ::std::string string;
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
+typedef ::wstring wstring;
+#elif GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
+typedef ::std::wstring wstring;
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
+
 typedef ::std::stringstream StrStream;
 
 // A helper for suppressing warnings on constant condition.  It just
@@ -790,6 +875,58 @@ inline void FlushInfoLog() { fflush(NULL); }
 
 // INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION - DO NOT USE IN USER CODE.
 //
+// Use implicit_cast as a safe version of static_cast for upcasting in
+// the type hierarchy (e.g. casting a Foo* to a SuperclassOfFoo* or a
+// const Foo*).  When you use implicit_cast, the compiler checks that
+// the cast is safe.  Such explicit implicit_casts are necessary in
+// surprisingly many situations where C++ demands an exact type match
+// instead of an argument type convertable to a target type.
+//
+// The syntax for using implicit_cast is the same as for static_cast:
+//
+//   implicit_cast<ToType>(expr)
+//
+// implicit_cast would have been part of the C++ standard library,
+// but the proposal was submitted too late.  It will probably make
+// its way into the language in the future.
+template<typename To>
+inline To implicit_cast(To x) { return x; }
+
+// When you upcast (that is, cast a pointer from type Foo to type
+// SuperclassOfFoo), it's fine to use implicit_cast<>, since upcasts
+// always succeed.  When you downcast (that is, cast a pointer from
+// type Foo to type SubclassOfFoo), static_cast<> isn't safe, because
+// how do you know the pointer is really of type SubclassOfFoo?  It
+// could be a bare Foo, or of type DifferentSubclassOfFoo.  Thus,
+// when you downcast, you should use this macro.  In debug mode, we
+// use dynamic_cast<> to double-check the downcast is legal (we die
+// if it's not).  In normal mode, we do the efficient static_cast<>
+// instead.  Thus, it's important to test in debug mode to make sure
+// the cast is legal!
+//    This is the only place in the code we should use dynamic_cast<>.
+// In particular, you SHOULDN'T be using dynamic_cast<> in order to
+// do RTTI (eg code like this:
+//    if (dynamic_cast<Subclass1>(foo)) HandleASubclass1Object(foo);
+//    if (dynamic_cast<Subclass2>(foo)) HandleASubclass2Object(foo);
+// You should design the code some other way not to need this.
+template<typename To, typename From>  // use like this: down_cast<T*>(foo);
+inline To down_cast(From* f) {  // so we only accept pointers
+  // Ensures that To is a sub-type of From *.  This test is here only
+  // for compile-time type checking, and has no overhead in an
+  // optimized build at run-time, as it will be optimized away
+  // completely.
+  if (false) {
+    const To to = NULL;
+    ::testing::internal::implicit_cast<From*>(to);
+  }
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_RTTI
+  // RTTI: debug mode only!
+  GTEST_CHECK_(f == NULL || dynamic_cast<To>(f) != NULL);
+#endif
+  return static_cast<To>(f);
+}
+
 // Downcasts the pointer of type Base to Derived.
 // Derived must be a subclass of Base. The parameter MUST
 // point to a class of type Derived, not any subclass of it.
diff --git a/src/gtest-all.cc b/src/gtest-all.cc
index fe34765..f3e22dd 100644
--- a/src/gtest-all.cc
+++ b/src/gtest-all.cc
@@ -43,5 +43,6 @@
 #include "src/gtest-death-test.cc"
 #include "src/gtest-filepath.cc"
 #include "src/gtest-port.cc"
+#include "src/gtest-printers.cc"
 #include "src/gtest-test-part.cc"
 #include "src/gtest-typed-test.cc"
diff --git a/src/gtest-printers.cc b/src/gtest-printers.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..611180e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/gtest-printers.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+//
+// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
+
+// Google Test - The Google C++ Testing Framework
+//
+// This file implements a universal value printer that can print a
+// value of any type T:
+//
+//   void ::testing::internal::UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, ostream_ptr);
+//
+// It uses the << operator when possible, and prints the bytes in the
+// object otherwise.  A user can override its behavior for a class
+// type Foo by defining either operator<<(::std::ostream&, const Foo&)
+// or void PrintTo(const Foo&, ::std::ostream*) in the namespace that
+// defines Foo.
+
+#include <gtest/gtest-printers.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <ostream>  // NOLINT
+#include <string>
+#include <gtest/internal/gtest-port.h>
+
+namespace testing {
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::std::ostream;
+
+#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE  // Windows CE does not define _snprintf_s.
+#define snprintf _snprintf
+#elif _MSC_VER >= 1400  // VC 8.0 and later deprecate snprintf and _snprintf.
+#define snprintf _snprintf_s
+#elif _MSC_VER
+#define snprintf _snprintf
+#endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
+
+// Prints a segment of bytes in the given object.
+void PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(const unsigned char* obj_bytes, size_t start,
+                                size_t count, ostream* os) {
+  char text[5] = "";
+  for (size_t i = 0; i != count; i++) {
+    const size_t j = start + i;
+    if (i != 0) {
+      // Organizes the bytes into groups of 2 for easy parsing by
+      // human.
+      if ((j % 2) == 0) {
+        *os << " ";
+      }
+    }
+    snprintf(text, sizeof(text), "%02X", obj_bytes[j]);
+    *os << text;
+  }
+}
+
+// Prints the bytes in the given value to the given ostream.
+void PrintBytesInObjectToImpl(const unsigned char* obj_bytes, size_t count,
+                              ostream* os) {
+  // Tells the user how big the object is.
+  *os << count << "-byte object <";
+
+  const size_t kThreshold = 132;
+  const size_t kChunkSize = 64;
+  // If the object size is bigger than kThreshold, we'll have to omit
+  // some details by printing only the first and the last kChunkSize
+  // bytes.
+  // TODO(wan): let the user control the threshold using a flag.
+  if (count < kThreshold) {
+    PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, 0, count, os);
+  } else {
+    PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, 0, kChunkSize, os);
+    *os << " ... ";
+    // Rounds up to 2-byte boundary.
+    const size_t resume_pos = (count - kChunkSize + 1)/2*2;
+    PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, resume_pos, count - resume_pos, os);
+  }
+  *os << ">";
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+namespace internal2 {
+
+// Delegates to PrintBytesInObjectToImpl() to print the bytes in the
+// given object.  The delegation simplifies the implementation, which
+// uses the << operator and thus is easier done outside of the
+// ::testing::internal namespace, which contains a << operator that
+// sometimes conflicts with the one in STL.
+void PrintBytesInObjectTo(const unsigned char* obj_bytes, size_t count,
+                          ostream* os) {
+  PrintBytesInObjectToImpl(obj_bytes, count, os);
+}
+
+}  // namespace internal2
+
+namespace internal {
+
+// Prints a wide char as a char literal without the quotes, escaping it
+// when necessary.
+static void PrintAsWideCharLiteralTo(wchar_t c, ostream* os) {
+  switch (c) {
+    case L'\0':
+      *os << "\\0";
+      break;
+    case L'\'':
+      *os << "\\'";
+      break;
+    case L'\?':
+      *os << "\\?";
+      break;
+    case L'\\':
+      *os << "\\\\";
+      break;
+    case L'\a':
+      *os << "\\a";
+      break;
+    case L'\b':
+      *os << "\\b";
+      break;
+    case L'\f':
+      *os << "\\f";
+      break;
+    case L'\n':
+      *os << "\\n";
+      break;
+    case L'\r':
+      *os << "\\r";
+      break;
+    case L'\t':
+      *os << "\\t";
+      break;
+    case L'\v':
+      *os << "\\v";
+      break;
+    default:
+      // Checks whether c is printable or not. Printable characters are in
+      // the range [0x20,0x7E].
+      // We test the value of c directly instead of calling isprint(), as
+      // isprint() is buggy on Windows mobile.
+      if (0x20 <= c && c <= 0x7E) {
+        *os << static_cast<char>(c);
+      } else {
+        // Buffer size enough for the maximum number of digits and \0.
+        char text[2 * sizeof(unsigned long) + 1] = "";
+        snprintf(text, sizeof(text), "%lX", static_cast<unsigned long>(c));
+        *os << "\\x" << text;
+      }
+  }
+}
+
+// Prints a char as if it's part of a string literal, escaping it when
+// necessary.
+static void PrintAsWideStringLiteralTo(wchar_t c, ostream* os) {
+  switch (c) {
+    case L'\'':
+      *os << "'";
+      break;
+    case L'"':
+      *os << "\\\"";
+      break;
+    default:
+      PrintAsWideCharLiteralTo(c, os);
+  }
+}
+
+// Prints a char as a char literal without the quotes, escaping it
+// when necessary.
+static void PrintAsCharLiteralTo(char c, ostream* os) {
+  PrintAsWideCharLiteralTo(static_cast<unsigned char>(c), os);
+}
+
+// Prints a char as if it's part of a string literal, escaping it when
+// necessary.
+static void PrintAsStringLiteralTo(char c, ostream* os) {
+  PrintAsWideStringLiteralTo(static_cast<unsigned char>(c), os);
+}
+
+// Prints a char and its code.  The '\0' char is printed as "'\\0'",
+// other unprintable characters are also properly escaped using the
+// standard C++ escape sequence.
+void PrintCharTo(char c, int char_code, ostream* os) {
+  *os << "'";
+  PrintAsCharLiteralTo(c, os);
+  *os << "'";
+  if (c != '\0')
+    *os << " (" << char_code << ")";
+}
+
+// Prints a wchar_t as a symbol if it is printable or as its internal
+// code otherwise and also as its decimal code (except for L'\0').
+// The L'\0' char is printed as "L'\\0'". The decimal code is printed
+// as signed integer when wchar_t is implemented by the compiler
+// as a signed type and is printed as an unsigned integer when wchar_t
+// is implemented as an unsigned type.
+void PrintTo(wchar_t wc, ostream* os) {
+  *os << "L'";
+  PrintAsWideCharLiteralTo(wc, os);
+  *os << "'";
+  if (wc != L'\0') {
+    // Type Int64 is used because it provides more storage than wchar_t thus
+    // when the compiler converts signed or unsigned implementation of wchar_t
+    // to Int64 it fills higher bits with either zeros or the sign bit
+    // passing it to operator <<() as either signed or unsigned integer.
+    *os << " (" << static_cast<Int64>(wc) << ")";
+  }
+}
+
+// Prints the given array of characters to the ostream.
+// The array starts at *begin, the length is len, it may include '\0' characters
+// and may not be null-terminated.
+static void PrintCharsAsStringTo(const char* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
+  *os << "\"";
+  for (size_t index = 0; index < len; ++index) {
+    PrintAsStringLiteralTo(begin[index], os);
+  }
+  *os << "\"";
+}
+
+// Prints a (const) char array of 'len' elements, starting at address 'begin'.
+void UniversalPrintArray(const char* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
+  PrintCharsAsStringTo(begin, len, os);
+}
+
+// Prints the given array of wide characters to the ostream.
+// The array starts at *begin, the length is len, it may include L'\0'
+// characters and may not be null-terminated.
+static void PrintWideCharsAsStringTo(const wchar_t* begin, size_t len,
+                                     ostream* os) {
+  *os << "L\"";
+  for (size_t index = 0; index < len; ++index) {
+    PrintAsWideStringLiteralTo(begin[index], os);
+  }
+  *os << "\"";
+}
+
+// Prints the given C string to the ostream.
+void PrintTo(const char* s, ostream* os) {
+  if (s == NULL) {
+    *os << "NULL";
+  } else {
+    *os << implicit_cast<const void*>(s) << " pointing to ";
+    PrintCharsAsStringTo(s, strlen(s), os);
+  }
+}
+
+// MSVC compiler can be configured to define whar_t as a typedef
+// of unsigned short. Defining an overload for const wchar_t* in that case
+// would cause pointers to unsigned shorts be printed as wide strings,
+// possibly accessing more memory than intended and causing invalid
+// memory accesses. MSVC defines _NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED symbol when
+// wchar_t is implemented as a native type.
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)
+// Prints the given wide C string to the ostream.
+void PrintTo(const wchar_t* s, ostream* os) {
+  if (s == NULL) {
+    *os << "NULL";
+  } else {
+    *os << implicit_cast<const void*>(s) << " pointing to ";
+    PrintWideCharsAsStringTo(s, wcslen(s), os);
+  }
+}
+#endif  // wchar_t is native
+
+// Prints a ::string object.
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+void PrintStringTo(const ::string& s, ostream* os) {
+  PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+
+void PrintStringTo(const ::std::string& s, ostream* os) {
+  PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
+}
+
+// Prints a ::wstring object.
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
+void PrintWideStringTo(const ::wstring& s, ostream* os) {
+  PrintWideCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
+void PrintWideStringTo(const ::std::wstring& s, ostream* os) {
+  PrintWideCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
+
+}  // namespace internal
+
+}  // namespace testing
diff --git a/test/gtest-port_test.cc b/test/gtest-port_test.cc
index b6e53ba..6f1512c 100644
--- a/test/gtest-port_test.cc
+++ b/test/gtest-port_test.cc
@@ -59,6 +59,118 @@ using std::pair;
 namespace testing {
 namespace internal {
 
+class Base {
+ public:
+  // Copy constructor and assignment operator do exactly what we need, so we
+  // use them.
+  Base() : member_(0) {}
+  explicit Base(int n) : member_(n) {}
+  virtual ~Base() {}
+  int member() { return member_; }
+
+ private:
+  int member_;
+};
+
+class Derived : public Base {
+ public:
+  explicit Derived(int n) : Base(n) {}
+};
+
+TEST(ImplicitCastTest, ConvertsPointers) {
+  Derived derived(0);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(&derived == ::testing::internal::implicit_cast<Base*>(&derived));
+}
+
+TEST(ImplicitCastTest, CanUseInheritance) {
+  Derived derived(1);
+  Base base = ::testing::internal::implicit_cast<Base>(derived);
+  EXPECT_EQ(derived.member(), base.member());
+}
+
+class Castable {
+ public:
+  Castable(bool* converted) : converted_(converted) {}
+  operator Base() {
+    *converted_ = true;
+    return Base();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  bool* converted_;
+};
+
+TEST(ImplicitCastTest, CanUseNonConstCastOperator) {
+  bool converted = false;
+  Castable castable(&converted);
+  Base base = ::testing::internal::implicit_cast<Base>(castable);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(converted);
+}
+
+class ConstCastable {
+ public:
+  ConstCastable(bool* converted) : converted_(converted) {}
+  operator Base() const {
+    *converted_ = true;
+    return Base();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  bool* converted_;
+};
+
+TEST(ImplicitCastTest, CanUseConstCastOperatorOnConstValues) {
+  bool converted = false;
+  const ConstCastable const_castable(&converted);
+  Base base = ::testing::internal::implicit_cast<Base>(const_castable);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(converted);
+}
+
+class ConstAndNonConstCastable {
+ public:
+  ConstAndNonConstCastable(bool* converted, bool* const_converted)
+      : converted_(converted), const_converted_(const_converted) {}
+  operator Base() {
+    *converted_ = true;
+    return Base();
+  }
+  operator Base() const {
+    *const_converted_ = true;
+    return Base();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  bool* converted_;
+  bool* const_converted_;
+};
+
+TEST(ImplicitCastTest, CanSelectBetweenConstAndNonConstCasrAppropriately) {
+  bool converted = false;
+  bool const_converted = false;
+  ConstAndNonConstCastable castable(&converted, &const_converted);
+  Base base = ::testing::internal::implicit_cast<Base>(castable);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(converted);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(const_converted);
+
+  converted = false;
+  const_converted = false;
+  const ConstAndNonConstCastable const_castable(&converted, &const_converted);
+  base = ::testing::internal::implicit_cast<Base>(const_castable);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(converted);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(const_converted);
+}
+
+class To {
+ public:
+  To(bool* converted) { *converted = true; }  // NOLINT
+};
+
+TEST(ImplicitCastTest, CanUseImplicitConstructor) {
+  bool converted = false;
+  To to = ::testing::internal::implicit_cast<To>(&converted);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(converted);
+}
+
 // Tests that the element_type typedef is available in scoped_ptr and refers
 // to the parameter type.
 TEST(ScopedPtrTest, DefinesElementType) {
diff --git a/test/gtest-printers_test.cc b/test/gtest-printers_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ecd871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/gtest-printers_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,1163 @@
+// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+//
+// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
+
+// Google Test - The Google C++ Testing Framework
+//
+// This file tests the universal value printer.
+
+#include <gtest/gtest-printers.h>
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <deque>
+#include <list>
+#include <map>
+#include <set>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+// hash_map and hash_set are available on Windows.
+#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#define GTEST_HAS_HASH_MAP_ 1  // Indicates that hash_map is available.
+#include <hash_map>            // NOLINT
+#define GTEST_HAS_HASH_SET_ 1  // Indicates that hash_set is available.
+#include <hash_set>            // NOLINT
+#endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+
+// Some user-defined types for testing the universal value printer.
+
+// A user-defined unprintable class template in the global namespace.
+template <typename T>
+class UnprintableTemplateInGlobal {
+ public:
+  UnprintableTemplateInGlobal() : value_() {}
+ private:
+  T value_;
+};
+
+// A user-defined streamable type in the global namespace.
+class StreamableInGlobal {
+ public:
+  virtual ~StreamableInGlobal() {}
+};
+
+inline void operator<<(::std::ostream& os, const StreamableInGlobal& /* x */) {
+  os << "StreamableInGlobal";
+}
+
+namespace foo {
+
+// A user-defined unprintable type in a user namespace.
+class UnprintableInFoo {
+ public:
+  UnprintableInFoo() : x_(0x12EF), y_(0xAB34), z_(0) {}
+ private:
+  testing::internal::Int32 x_;
+  testing::internal::Int32 y_;
+  double z_;
+};
+
+// A user-defined printable type in a user-chosen namespace.
+struct PrintableViaPrintTo {
+  PrintableViaPrintTo() : value() {}
+  int value;
+};
+
+void PrintTo(const PrintableViaPrintTo& x, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  *os << "PrintableViaPrintTo: " << x.value;
+}
+
+// A user-defined printable class template in a user-chosen namespace.
+template <typename T>
+class PrintableViaPrintToTemplate {
+ public:
+  explicit PrintableViaPrintToTemplate(const T& a_value) : value_(a_value) {}
+
+  const T& value() const { return value_; }
+ private:
+  T value_;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+void PrintTo(const PrintableViaPrintToTemplate<T>& x, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  *os << "PrintableViaPrintToTemplate: " << x.value();
+}
+
+// A user-defined streamable class template in a user namespace.
+template <typename T>
+class StreamableTemplateInFoo {
+ public:
+  StreamableTemplateInFoo() : value_() {}
+
+  const T& value() const { return value_; }
+ private:
+  T value_;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+inline ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os,
+                                  const StreamableTemplateInFoo<T>& x) {
+  return os << "StreamableTemplateInFoo: " << x.value();
+}
+
+}  // namespace foo
+
+namespace testing {
+namespace gtest_printers_test {
+
+using ::std::deque;
+using ::std::list;
+using ::std::make_pair;
+using ::std::map;
+using ::std::multimap;
+using ::std::multiset;
+using ::std::pair;
+using ::std::set;
+using ::std::vector;
+using ::testing::PrintToString;
+using ::testing::internal::NativeArray;
+using ::testing::internal::RE;
+using ::testing::internal::Strings;
+using ::testing::internal::UniversalTersePrint;
+using ::testing::internal::UniversalPrint;
+using ::testing::internal::UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings;
+using ::testing::internal::UniversalPrinter;
+using ::testing::internal::kReference;
+using ::testing::internal::string;
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE
+using ::std::tr1::make_tuple;
+using ::std::tr1::tuple;
+#endif
+
+#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+// MSVC defines the following classes in the ::stdext namespace while
+// gcc defines them in the :: namespace.  Note that they are not part
+// of the C++ standard.
+
+using ::stdext::hash_map;
+using ::stdext::hash_set;
+using ::stdext::hash_multimap;
+using ::stdext::hash_multiset;
+
+#endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+
+// Prints a value to a string using the universal value printer.  This
+// is a helper for testing UniversalPrinter<T>::Print() for various types.
+template <typename T>
+string Print(const T& value) {
+  ::std::stringstream ss;
+  UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, &ss);
+  return ss.str();
+}
+
+// Prints a value passed by reference to a string, using the universal
+// value printer.  This is a helper for testing
+// UniversalPrinter<T&>::Print() for various types.
+template <typename T>
+string PrintByRef(const T& value) {
+  ::std::stringstream ss;
+  UniversalPrinter<T&>::Print(value, &ss);
+  return ss.str();
+}
+
+// Tests printing various char types.
+
+// char.
+TEST(PrintCharTest, PlainChar) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print('\0'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\'' (39)", Print('\''));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\"' (34)", Print('"'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\?' (63)", Print('\?'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\\\' (92)", Print('\\'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\a' (7)", Print('\a'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\b' (8)", Print('\b'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\f' (12)", Print('\f'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\n' (10)", Print('\n'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\r' (13)", Print('\r'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\t' (9)", Print('\t'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\v' (11)", Print('\v'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\x7F' (127)", Print('\x7F'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\xFF' (255)", Print('\xFF'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("' ' (32)", Print(' '));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'a' (97)", Print('a'));
+}
+
+// signed char.
+TEST(PrintCharTest, SignedChar) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print(static_cast<signed char>('\0')));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\xCE' (-50)",
+            Print(static_cast<signed char>(-50)));
+}
+
+// unsigned char.
+TEST(PrintCharTest, UnsignedChar) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print(static_cast<unsigned char>('\0')));
+  EXPECT_EQ("'b' (98)",
+            Print(static_cast<unsigned char>('b')));
+}
+
+// Tests printing other simple, built-in types.
+
+// bool.
+TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Bool) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("false", Print(false));
+  EXPECT_EQ("true", Print(true));
+}
+
+// wchar_t.
+TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Wchar_t) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\0'", Print(L'\0'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\'' (39)", Print(L'\''));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\"' (34)", Print(L'"'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\?' (63)", Print(L'\?'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\\\' (92)", Print(L'\\'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\a' (7)", Print(L'\a'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\b' (8)", Print(L'\b'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\f' (12)", Print(L'\f'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\n' (10)", Print(L'\n'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\r' (13)", Print(L'\r'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\t' (9)", Print(L'\t'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\v' (11)", Print(L'\v'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\x7F' (127)", Print(L'\x7F'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\xFF' (255)", Print(L'\xFF'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L' ' (32)", Print(L' '));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'a' (97)", Print(L'a'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\x576' (1398)", Print(L'\x576'));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\xC74D' (51021)", Print(L'\xC74D'));
+}
+
+// Test that Int64 provides more storage than wchar_t.
+TEST(PrintTypeSizeTest, Wchar_t) {
+  EXPECT_LT(sizeof(wchar_t), sizeof(testing::internal::Int64));
+}
+
+// Various integer types.
+TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Integer) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\xFF' (255)", Print(static_cast<unsigned char>(255)));  // uint8
+  EXPECT_EQ("'\\x80' (-128)", Print(static_cast<signed char>(-128)));  // int8
+  EXPECT_EQ("65535", Print(USHRT_MAX));  // uint16
+  EXPECT_EQ("-32768", Print(SHRT_MIN));  // int16
+  EXPECT_EQ("4294967295", Print(UINT_MAX));  // uint32
+  EXPECT_EQ("-2147483648", Print(INT_MIN));  // int32
+  EXPECT_EQ("18446744073709551615",
+            Print(static_cast<testing::internal::UInt64>(-1)));  // uint64
+  EXPECT_EQ("-9223372036854775808",
+            Print(static_cast<testing::internal::Int64>(1) << 63));  // int64
+}
+
+// Size types.
+TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Size_t) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("1", Print(sizeof('a')));  // size_t.
+#if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+  // Windows has no ssize_t type.
+  EXPECT_EQ("-2", Print(static_cast<ssize_t>(-2)));  // ssize_t.
+#endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+}
+
+// Floating-points.
+TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, FloatingPoints) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.5", Print(1.5f));   // float
+  EXPECT_EQ("-2.5", Print(-2.5));  // double
+}
+
+// Since ::std::stringstream::operator<<(const void *) formats the pointer
+// output differently with different compilers, we have to create the expected
+// output first and use it as our expectation.
+static string PrintPointer(const void *p) {
+  ::std::stringstream expected_result_stream;
+  expected_result_stream << p;
+  return expected_result_stream.str();
+}
+
+// Tests printing C strings.
+
+// const char*.
+TEST(PrintCStringTest, Const) {
+  const char* p = "World";
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"World\"", Print(p));
+}
+
+// char*.
+TEST(PrintCStringTest, NonConst) {
+  char p[] = "Hi";
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"Hi\"",
+            Print(static_cast<char*>(p)));
+}
+
+// NULL C string.
+TEST(PrintCStringTest, Null) {
+  const char* p = NULL;
+  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
+}
+
+// Tests that C strings are escaped properly.
+TEST(PrintCStringTest, EscapesProperly) {
+  const char* p = "'\"\?\\\a\b\f\n\r\t\v\x7F\xFF a";
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"'\\\"\\?\\\\\\a\\b\\f"
+            "\\n\\r\\t\\v\\x7F\\xFF a\"",
+            Print(p));
+}
+
+
+
+// MSVC compiler can be configured to define whar_t as a typedef
+// of unsigned short. Defining an overload for const wchar_t* in that case
+// would cause pointers to unsigned shorts be printed as wide strings,
+// possibly accessing more memory than intended and causing invalid
+// memory accesses. MSVC defines _NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED symbol when
+// wchar_t is implemented as a native type.
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)
+
+// const wchar_t*.
+TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, Const) {
+  const wchar_t* p = L"World";
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to L\"World\"", Print(p));
+}
+
+// wchar_t*.
+TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, NonConst) {
+  wchar_t p[] = L"Hi";
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to L\"Hi\"",
+            Print(static_cast<wchar_t*>(p)));
+}
+
+// NULL wide C string.
+TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, Null) {
+  const wchar_t* p = NULL;
+  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
+}
+
+// Tests that wide C strings are escaped properly.
+TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, EscapesProperly) {
+  const wchar_t* p = L"'\"\?\\\a\b\f\n\r\t\v\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D a";
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to L\"'\\\"\\?\\\\\\a\\b\\f"
+            "\\n\\r\\t\\v\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D a\"",
+            Print(p));
+}
+#endif  // native wchar_t
+
+// Tests printing pointers to other char types.
+
+// signed char*.
+TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, SignedChar) {
+  signed char* p = reinterpret_cast<signed char*>(0x1234);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
+  p = NULL;
+  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
+}
+
+// const signed char*.
+TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstSignedChar) {
+  signed char* p = reinterpret_cast<signed char*>(0x1234);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
+  p = NULL;
+  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
+}
+
+// unsigned char*.
+TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, UnsignedChar) {
+  unsigned char* p = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(0x1234);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
+  p = NULL;
+  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
+}
+
+// const unsigned char*.
+TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstUnsignedChar) {
+  const unsigned char* p = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(0x1234);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
+  p = NULL;
+  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
+}
+
+// Tests printing pointers to simple, built-in types.
+
+// bool*.
+TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, Bool) {
+  bool* p = reinterpret_cast<bool*>(0xABCD);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
+  p = NULL;
+  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
+}
+
+// void*.
+TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, Void) {
+  void* p = reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xABCD);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
+  p = NULL;
+  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
+}
+
+// const void*.
+TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, ConstVoid) {
+  const void* p = reinterpret_cast<const void*>(0xABCD);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
+  p = NULL;
+  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
+}
+
+// Tests printing pointers to pointers.
+TEST(PrintPointerToPointerTest, IntPointerPointer) {
+  int** p = reinterpret_cast<int**>(0xABCD);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
+  p = NULL;
+  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
+}
+
+// Tests printing (non-member) function pointers.
+
+void MyFunction(int /* n */) {}
+
+TEST(PrintPointerTest, NonMemberFunctionPointer) {
+  // We cannot directly cast &MyFunction to const void* because the
+  // standard disallows casting between pointers to functions and
+  // pointers to objects, and some compilers (e.g. GCC 3.4) enforce
+  // this limitation.
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(
+          reinterpret_cast<internal::BiggestInt>(&MyFunction))),
+      Print(&MyFunction));
+  int (*p)(bool) = NULL;  // NOLINT
+  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
+}
+
+// An assertion predicate determining whether a one string is a prefix for
+// another.
+template <typename StringType>
+AssertionResult HasPrefix(const StringType& str, const StringType& prefix) {
+  if (str.find(prefix, 0) == 0)
+    return AssertionSuccess();
+
+  const bool is_wide_string = sizeof(prefix[0]) > 1;
+  const char* const begin_string_quote = is_wide_string ? "L\"" : "\"";
+  return AssertionFailure()
+      << begin_string_quote << prefix << "\" is not a prefix of "
+      << begin_string_quote << str << "\"\n";
+}
+
+// Tests printing member variable pointers.  Although they are called
+// pointers, they don't point to a location in the address space.
+// Their representation is implementation-defined.  Thus they will be
+// printed as raw bytes.
+
+struct Foo {
+ public:
+  virtual ~Foo() {}
+  int MyMethod(char x) { return x + 1; }
+  virtual char MyVirtualMethod(int /* n */) { return 'a'; }
+
+  int value;
+};
+
+TEST(PrintPointerTest, MemberVariablePointer) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::value),
+                        Print(sizeof(&Foo::value)) + "-byte object "));
+  int (Foo::*p) = NULL;  // NOLINT
+  EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(p),
+                        Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));
+}
+
+// Tests printing member function pointers.  Although they are called
+// pointers, they don't point to a location in the address space.
+// Their representation is implementation-defined.  Thus they will be
+// printed as raw bytes.
+TEST(PrintPointerTest, MemberFunctionPointer) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::MyMethod),
+                        Print(sizeof(&Foo::MyMethod)) + "-byte object "));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(
+      HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::MyVirtualMethod),
+                Print(sizeof((&Foo::MyVirtualMethod))) + "-byte object "));
+  int (Foo::*p)(char) = NULL;  // NOLINT
+  EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(p),
+                        Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));
+}
+
+// Tests printing C arrays.
+
+// The difference between this and Print() is that it ensures that the
+// argument is a reference to an array.
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+string PrintArrayHelper(T (&a)[N]) {
+  return Print(a);
+}
+
+// One-dimensional array.
+TEST(PrintArrayTest, OneDimensionalArray) {
+  int a[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
+}
+
+// Two-dimensional array.
+TEST(PrintArrayTest, TwoDimensionalArray) {
+  int a[2][5] = {
+    { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 },
+    { 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 }
+  };
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, { 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 } }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
+}
+
+// Array of const elements.
+TEST(PrintArrayTest, ConstArray) {
+  const bool a[1] = { false };
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ false }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
+}
+
+// Char array.
+TEST(PrintArrayTest, CharArray) {
+  // Array a contains '\0' in the middle and doesn't end with '\0'.
+  char a[3] = { 'H', '\0', 'i' };
+  EXPECT_EQ("\"H\\0i\"", PrintArrayHelper(a));
+}
+
+// Const char array.
+TEST(PrintArrayTest, ConstCharArray) {
+  const char a[4] = "\0Hi";
+  EXPECT_EQ("\"\\0Hi\\0\"", PrintArrayHelper(a));
+}
+
+// Array of objects.
+TEST(PrintArrayTest, ObjectArray) {
+  string a[3] = { "Hi", "Hello", "Ni hao" };
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ \"Hi\", \"Hello\", \"Ni hao\" }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
+}
+
+// Array with many elements.
+TEST(PrintArrayTest, BigArray) {
+  int a[100] = { 1, 2, 3 };
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }",
+            PrintArrayHelper(a));
+}
+
+// Tests printing ::string and ::std::string.
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+// ::string.
+TEST(PrintStringTest, StringInGlobalNamespace) {
+  const char s[] = "'\"\?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\x7F\xFF a";
+  const ::string str(s, sizeof(s));
+  EXPECT_EQ("\"'\\\"\\?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v\\x7F\\xFF a\\0\"",
+            Print(str));
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+
+// ::std::string.
+TEST(PrintStringTest, StringInStdNamespace) {
+  const char s[] = "'\"\?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\x7F\xFF a";
+  const ::std::string str(s, sizeof(s));
+  EXPECT_EQ("\"'\\\"\\?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v\\x7F\\xFF a\\0\"",
+            Print(str));
+}
+
+// Tests printing ::wstring and ::std::wstring.
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
+// ::wstring.
+TEST(PrintWideStringTest, StringInGlobalNamespace) {
+  const wchar_t s[] = L"'\"\?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D a";
+  const ::wstring str(s, sizeof(s)/sizeof(wchar_t));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L\"'\\\"\\?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v"
+            "\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D a\\0\"",
+            Print(str));
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
+// ::std::wstring.
+TEST(PrintWideStringTest, StringInStdNamespace) {
+  const wchar_t s[] = L"'\"\?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D a";
+  const ::std::wstring str(s, sizeof(s)/sizeof(wchar_t));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L\"'\\\"\\?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v"
+            "\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D a\\0\"",
+            Print(str));
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
+
+// Tests printing types that support generic streaming (i.e. streaming
+// to std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits> for any valid Char and
+// CharTraits types).
+
+// Tests printing a non-template type that supports generic streaming.
+
+class AllowsGenericStreaming {};
+
+template <typename Char, typename CharTraits>
+std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& operator<<(
+    std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& os,
+    const AllowsGenericStreaming& /* a */) {
+  return os << "AllowsGenericStreaming";
+}
+
+TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, NonTemplateType) {
+  AllowsGenericStreaming a;
+  EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreaming", Print(a));
+}
+
+// Tests printing a template type that supports generic streaming.
+
+template <typename T>
+class AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate {};
+
+template <typename Char, typename CharTraits, typename T>
+std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& operator<<(
+    std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& os,
+    const AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate<T>& /* a */) {
+  return os << "AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate";
+}
+
+TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, TemplateType) {
+  AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate<int> a;
+  EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate", Print(a));
+}
+
+// Tests printing a type that supports generic streaming and can be
+// implicitly converted to another printable type.
+
+template <typename T>
+class AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate {
+ public:
+  operator bool() const { return false; }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename CharTraits, typename T>
+std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& operator<<(
+    std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& os,
+    const AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate<T>& /* a */) {
+  return os << "AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate";
+}
+
+TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, TypeImplicitlyConvertible) {
+  AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate<int> a;
+  EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate", Print(a));
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_
+
+// Tests printing StringPiece.
+
+TEST(PrintStringPieceTest, SimpleStringPiece) {
+  const StringPiece sp = "Hello";
+  EXPECT_EQ("\"Hello\"", Print(sp));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintStringPieceTest, UnprintableCharacters) {
+  const char str[] = "NUL (\0) and \r\t";
+  const StringPiece sp(str, sizeof(str) - 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ("\"NUL (\\0) and \\r\\t\"", Print(sp));
+}
+
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_
+
+// Tests printing STL containers.
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, EmptyDeque) {
+  deque<char> empty;
+  EXPECT_EQ("{}", Print(empty));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, NonEmptyDeque) {
+  deque<int> non_empty;
+  non_empty.push_back(1);
+  non_empty.push_back(3);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 3 }", Print(non_empty));
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_HASH_MAP_
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, OneElementHashMap) {
+  hash_map<int, char> map1;
+  map1[1] = 'a';
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ (1, 'a' (97)) }", Print(map1));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashMultiMap) {
+  hash_multimap<int, bool> map1;
+  map1.insert(make_pair(5, true));
+  map1.insert(make_pair(5, false));
+
+  // Elements of hash_multimap can be printed in any order.
+  const string result = Print(map1);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(result == "{ (5, true), (5, false) }" ||
+              result == "{ (5, false), (5, true) }")
+                  << " where Print(map1) returns \"" << result << "\".";
+}
+
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_HASH_MAP_
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_HASH_SET_
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashSet) {
+  hash_set<string> set1;
+  set1.insert("hello");
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ \"hello\" }", Print(set1));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashMultiSet) {
+  const int kSize = 5;
+  int a[kSize] = { 1, 1, 2, 5, 1 };
+  hash_multiset<int> set1(a, a + kSize);
+
+  // Elements of hash_multiset can be printed in any order.
+  const string result = Print(set1);
+  const string expected_pattern = "{ d, d, d, d, d }";  // d means a digit.
+
+  // Verifies the result matches the expected pattern; also extracts
+  // the numbers in the result.
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_pattern.length(), result.length());
+  std::vector<int> numbers;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i != result.length(); i++) {
+    if (expected_pattern[i] == 'd') {
+      ASSERT_TRUE(isdigit(result[i]) != 0);
+      numbers.push_back(result[i] - '0');
+    } else {
+      EXPECT_EQ(expected_pattern[i], result[i]) << " where result is "
+                                                << result;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Makes sure the result contains the right numbers.
+  std::sort(numbers.begin(), numbers.end());
+  std::sort(a, a + kSize);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(std::equal(a, a + kSize, numbers.begin()));
+}
+
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_HASH_SET_
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, List) {
+  const char* a[] = {
+    "hello",
+    "world"
+  };
+  const list<string> strings(a, a + 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ \"hello\", \"world\" }", Print(strings));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Map) {
+  map<int, bool> map1;
+  map1[1] = true;
+  map1[5] = false;
+  map1[3] = true;
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ (1, true), (3, true), (5, false) }", Print(map1));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, MultiMap) {
+  multimap<bool, int> map1;
+  map1.insert(make_pair(true, 0));
+  map1.insert(make_pair(true, 1));
+  map1.insert(make_pair(false, 2));
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ (false, 2), (true, 0), (true, 1) }", Print(map1));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Set) {
+  const unsigned int a[] = { 3, 0, 5 };
+  set<unsigned int> set1(a, a + 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ 0, 3, 5 }", Print(set1));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, MultiSet) {
+  const int a[] = { 1, 1, 2, 5, 1 };
+  multiset<int> set1(a, a + 5);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 1, 1, 2, 5 }", Print(set1));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Pair) {
+  pair<const bool, int> p(true, 5);
+  EXPECT_EQ("(true, 5)", Print(p));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Vector) {
+  vector<int> v;
+  v.push_back(1);
+  v.push_back(2);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2 }", Print(v));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, LongSequence) {
+  const int a[100] = { 1, 2, 3 };
+  const vector<int> v(a, a + 100);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, "
+            "0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ... }", Print(v));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, NestedContainer) {
+  const int a1[] = { 1, 2 };
+  const int a2[] = { 3, 4, 5 };
+  const list<int> l1(a1, a1 + 2);
+  const list<int> l2(a2, a2 + 3);
+
+  vector<list<int> > v;
+  v.push_back(l1);
+  v.push_back(l2);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 } }", Print(v));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, OneDimensionalNativeArray) {
+  const int a[3] = { 1, 2, 3 };
+  NativeArray<int> b(a, 3, kReference);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3 }", Print(b));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, TwoDimensionalNativeArray) {
+  const int a[2][3] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };
+  NativeArray<int[3]> b(a, 2, kReference);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } }", Print(b));
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE
+// Tests printing tuples.
+
+// Tuples of various arities.
+TEST(PrintTupleTest, VariousSizes) {
+  tuple<> t0;
+  EXPECT_EQ("()", Print(t0));
+
+  tuple<int> t1(5);
+  EXPECT_EQ("(5)", Print(t1));
+
+  tuple<char, bool> t2('a', true);
+  EXPECT_EQ("('a' (97), true)", Print(t2));
+
+  tuple<bool, int, int> t3(false, 2, 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3)", Print(t3));
+
+  tuple<bool, int, int, int> t4(false, 2, 3, 4);
+  EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4)", Print(t4));
+
+  tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool> t5(false, 2, 3, 4, true);
+  EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true)", Print(t5));
+
+  tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool, int> t6(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6);
+  EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6)", Print(t6));
+
+  tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool, int, int> t7(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7);
+  EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7)", Print(t7));
+
+  tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool, int, int, bool> t8(
+      false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7, true);
+  EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7, true)", Print(t8));
+
+  tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool, int, int, bool, int> t9(
+      false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7, true, 9);
+  EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7, true, 9)", Print(t9));
+
+  const char* const str = "8";
+  tuple<bool, char, short, testing::internal::Int32,  // NOLINT
+      testing::internal::Int64, float, double, const char*, void*, string>
+      t10(false, 'a', 3, 4, 5, 1.5F, -2.5, str, NULL, "10");
+  EXPECT_EQ("(false, 'a' (97), 3, 4, 5, 1.5, -2.5, " + PrintPointer(str) +
+            " pointing to \"8\", NULL, \"10\")",
+            Print(t10));
+}
+
+// Nested tuples.
+TEST(PrintTupleTest, NestedTuple) {
+  tuple<tuple<int, bool>, char> nested(make_tuple(5, true), 'a');
+  EXPECT_EQ("((5, true), 'a' (97))", Print(nested));
+}
+
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE
+
+// Tests printing user-defined unprintable types.
+
+// Unprintable types in the global namespace.
+TEST(PrintUnprintableTypeTest, InGlobalNamespace) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("1-byte object <00>",
+            Print(UnprintableTemplateInGlobal<bool>()));
+}
+
+// Unprintable types in a user namespace.
+TEST(PrintUnprintableTypeTest, InUserNamespace) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("16-byte object <EF12 0000 34AB 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000>",
+            Print(::foo::UnprintableInFoo()));
+}
+
+// Unprintable types are that too big to be printed completely.
+
+struct Big {
+  Big() { memset(array, 0, sizeof(array)); }
+  char array[257];
+};
+
+TEST(PrintUnpritableTypeTest, BigObject) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("257-byte object <0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 "
+            "0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 "
+            "0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 "
+            "0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ... 0000 0000 0000 "
+            "0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 "
+            "0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 "
+            "0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00>",
+            Print(Big()));
+}
+
+// Tests printing user-defined streamable types.
+
+// Streamable types in the global namespace.
+TEST(PrintStreamableTypeTest, InGlobalNamespace) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("StreamableInGlobal",
+            Print(StreamableInGlobal()));
+}
+
+// Printable template types in a user namespace.
+TEST(PrintStreamableTypeTest, TemplateTypeInUserNamespace) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("StreamableTemplateInFoo: 0",
+            Print(::foo::StreamableTemplateInFoo<int>()));
+}
+
+// Tests printing user-defined types that have a PrintTo() function.
+TEST(PrintPrintableTypeTest, InUserNamespace) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("PrintableViaPrintTo: 0",
+            Print(::foo::PrintableViaPrintTo()));
+}
+
+// Tests printing user-defined class template that have a PrintTo() function.
+TEST(PrintPrintableTypeTest, TemplateInUserNamespace) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("PrintableViaPrintToTemplate: 5",
+            Print(::foo::PrintableViaPrintToTemplate<int>(5)));
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_PROTOBUF_
+
+// Tests printing a protocol message.
+TEST(PrintProtocolMessageTest, PrintsShortDebugString) {
+  testing::internal::TestMessage msg;
+  msg.set_member("yes");
+  EXPECT_EQ("<member:\"yes\">", Print(msg));
+}
+
+// Tests printing a short proto2 message.
+TEST(PrintProto2MessageTest, PrintsShortDebugStringWhenItIsShort) {
+  testing::internal::FooMessage msg;
+  msg.set_int_field(2);
+  msg.set_string_field("hello");
+  EXPECT_PRED2(RE::FullMatch, Print(msg),
+               "<int_field:\\s*2\\s+string_field:\\s*\"hello\">");
+}
+
+// Tests printing a long proto2 message.
+TEST(PrintProto2MessageTest, PrintsDebugStringWhenItIsLong) {
+  testing::internal::FooMessage msg;
+  msg.set_int_field(2);
+  msg.set_string_field("hello");
+  msg.add_names("peter");
+  msg.add_names("paul");
+  msg.add_names("mary");
+  EXPECT_PRED2(RE::FullMatch, Print(msg),
+               "<\n"
+               "int_field:\\s*2\n"
+               "string_field:\\s*\"hello\"\n"
+               "names:\\s*\"peter\"\n"
+               "names:\\s*\"paul\"\n"
+               "names:\\s*\"mary\"\n"
+               ">");
+}
+
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_PROTOBUF_
+
+// Tests that the universal printer prints both the address and the
+// value of a reference.
+TEST(PrintReferenceTest, PrintsAddressAndValue) {
+  int n = 5;
+  EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(&n) + " 5", PrintByRef(n));
+
+  int a[2][3] = {
+    { 0, 1, 2 },
+    { 3, 4, 5 }
+  };
+  EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(a) + " { { 0, 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 } }",
+            PrintByRef(a));
+
+  const ::foo::UnprintableInFoo x;
+  EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(&x) + " 16-byte object "
+            "<EF12 0000 34AB 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000>",
+            PrintByRef(x));
+}
+
+// Tests that the universal printer prints a function pointer passed by
+// reference.
+TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesFunctionPointer) {
+  void (*fp)(int n) = &MyFunction;
+  const string fp_pointer_string =
+      PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&fp));
+  // We cannot directly cast &MyFunction to const void* because the
+  // standard disallows casting between pointers to functions and
+  // pointers to objects, and some compilers (e.g. GCC 3.4) enforce
+  // this limitation.
+  const string fp_string = PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(
+      reinterpret_cast<internal::BiggestInt>(fp)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("@" + fp_pointer_string + " " + fp_string,
+            PrintByRef(fp));
+}
+
+// Tests that the universal printer prints a member function pointer
+// passed by reference.
+TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesMemberFunctionPointer) {
+  int (Foo::*p)(char ch) = &Foo::MyMethod;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(
+      PrintByRef(p),
+      "@" + PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&p)) + " " +
+          Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));
+
+  char (Foo::*p2)(int n) = &Foo::MyVirtualMethod;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(
+      PrintByRef(p2),
+      "@" + PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&p2)) + " " +
+          Print(sizeof(p2)) + "-byte object "));
+}
+
+// Tests that the universal printer prints a member variable pointer
+// passed by reference.
+TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesMemberVariablePointer) {
+  int (Foo::*p) = &Foo::value;  // NOLINT
+  EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(
+      PrintByRef(p),
+      "@" + PrintPointer(&p) + " " + Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForScalar) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("123", PrintToString(123));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForPointerToConstChar) {
+  const char* p = "hello";
+  EXPECT_EQ("\"hello\"", PrintToString(p));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForPointerToNonConstChar) {
+  char s[] = "hello";
+  char* p = s;
+  EXPECT_EQ("\"hello\"", PrintToString(p));
+}
+
+TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForArray) {
+  int n[3] = { 1, 2, 3 };
+  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3 }", PrintToString(n));
+}
+
+TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForNonReference) {
+  ::std::stringstream ss;
+  UniversalTersePrint(123, &ss);
+  EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
+}
+
+TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForReference) {
+  const int& n = 123;
+  ::std::stringstream ss;
+  UniversalTersePrint(n, &ss);
+  EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
+}
+
+TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForCString) {
+  const char* s1 = "abc";
+  ::std::stringstream ss1;
+  UniversalTersePrint(s1, &ss1);
+  EXPECT_EQ("\"abc\"", ss1.str());
+
+  char* s2 = const_cast<char*>(s1);
+  ::std::stringstream ss2;
+  UniversalTersePrint(s2, &ss2);
+  EXPECT_EQ("\"abc\"", ss2.str());
+
+  const char* s3 = NULL;
+  ::std::stringstream ss3;
+  UniversalTersePrint(s3, &ss3);
+  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", ss3.str());
+}
+
+TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForNonReference) {
+  ::std::stringstream ss;
+  UniversalPrint(123, &ss);
+  EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
+}
+
+TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForReference) {
+  const int& n = 123;
+  ::std::stringstream ss;
+  UniversalPrint(n, &ss);
+  EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
+}
+
+TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForCString) {
+  const char* s1 = "abc";
+  ::std::stringstream ss1;
+  UniversalPrint(s1, &ss1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s1) + " pointing to \"abc\"", string(ss1.str()));
+
+  char* s2 = const_cast<char*>(s1);
+  ::std::stringstream ss2;
+  UniversalPrint(s2, &ss2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s2) + " pointing to \"abc\"", string(ss2.str()));
+
+  const char* s3 = NULL;
+  ::std::stringstream ss3;
+  UniversalPrint(s3, &ss3);
+  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", ss3.str());
+}
+
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE
+
+TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTest, PrintsEmptyTuple) {
+  Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(make_tuple());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0u, result.size());
+}
+
+TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTest, PrintsOneTuple) {
+  Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(make_tuple(1));
+  ASSERT_EQ(1u, result.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);
+}
+
+TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTest, PrintsTwoTuple) {
+  Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(make_tuple(1, 'a'));
+  ASSERT_EQ(2u, result.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("'a' (97)", result[1]);
+}
+
+TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTest, PrintsTersely) {
+  const int n = 1;
+  Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(
+      tuple<const int&, const char*>(n, "a"));
+  ASSERT_EQ(2u, result.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("\"a\"", result[1]);
+}
+
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE
+
+}  // namespace gtest_printers_test
+}  // namespace testing
diff --git a/test/gtest_unittest.cc b/test/gtest_unittest.cc
index adc0fff..a92809f 100644
--- a/test/gtest_unittest.cc
+++ b/test/gtest_unittest.cc
@@ -132,23 +132,28 @@ using testing::Message;
 using testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter;
 using testing::StaticAssertTypeEq;
 using testing::Test;
-using testing::TestEventListeners;
 using testing::TestCase;
+using testing::TestEventListeners;
 using testing::TestPartResult;
 using testing::TestPartResultArray;
 using testing::TestProperty;
 using testing::TestResult;
 using testing::UnitTest;
 using testing::kMaxStackTraceDepth;
+using testing::internal::AddReference;
 using testing::internal::AlwaysFalse;
 using testing::internal::AlwaysTrue;
 using testing::internal::AppendUserMessage;
+using testing::internal::ArrayAwareFind;
+using testing::internal::ArrayEq;
 using testing::internal::CodePointToUtf8;
+using testing::internal::CompileAssertTypesEqual;
+using testing::internal::CopyArray;
 using testing::internal::CountIf;
 using testing::internal::EqFailure;
 using testing::internal::FloatingPoint;
-using testing::internal::FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds;
 using testing::internal::ForEach;
+using testing::internal::FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds;
 using testing::internal::GTestFlagSaver;
 using testing::internal::GetCurrentOsStackTraceExceptTop;
 using testing::internal::GetElementOr;
@@ -157,9 +162,17 @@ using testing::internal::GetRandomSeedFromFlag;
 using testing::internal::GetTestTypeId;
 using testing::internal::GetTypeId;
 using testing::internal::GetUnitTestImpl;
+using testing::internal::ImplicitlyConvertible;
 using testing::internal::Int32;
 using testing::internal::Int32FromEnvOrDie;
+using testing::internal::IsAProtocolMessage;
+using testing::internal::IsContainer;
+using testing::internal::IsContainerTest;
+using testing::internal::IsNotContainer;
+using testing::internal::NativeArray;
 using testing::internal::ParseInt32Flag;
+using testing::internal::RemoveConst;
+using testing::internal::RemoveReference;
 using testing::internal::ShouldRunTestOnShard;
 using testing::internal::ShouldShard;
 using testing::internal::ShouldUseColor;
@@ -171,7 +184,9 @@ using testing::internal::TestEventListenersAccessor;
 using testing::internal::TestResultAccessor;
 using testing::internal::UInt32;
 using testing::internal::WideStringToUtf8;
+using testing::internal::kCopy;
 using testing::internal::kMaxRandomSeed;
+using testing::internal::kReference;
 using testing::internal::kTestTypeIdInGoogleTest;
 using testing::internal::scoped_ptr;
 
@@ -184,6 +199,10 @@ using testing::internal::GetCapturedStdout;
 using testing::internal::ThreadWithParam;
 #endif
 
+#if GTEST_HAS_PROTOBUF_
+using ::testing::internal::TestMessage;
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_PROTOBUF_
+
 class TestingVector : public std::vector<int> {
 };
 
@@ -6725,3 +6744,319 @@ GTEST_TEST(AlternativeNameTest, Works) {  // GTEST_TEST is the same as TEST.
   EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(GTEST_FAIL() << "An expected failure",
                        "An expected failure");
 }
+
+// Tests for internal utilities necessary for implementation of the universal
+// printing.
+// TODO(vladl@google.com): Find a better home for them.
+
+class ConversionHelperBase {};
+class ConversionHelperDerived : public ConversionHelperBase {};
+
+// Tests that IsAProtocolMessage<T>::value is a compile-time constant.
+TEST(IsAProtocolMessageTest, ValueIsCompileTimeConstant) {
+  GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_(IsAProtocolMessage<ProtocolMessage>::value,
+                        const_true);
+  GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_(!IsAProtocolMessage<int>::value, const_false);
+}
+
+// Tests that IsAProtocolMessage<T>::value is true when T is
+// ProtocolMessage or a sub-class of it.
+TEST(IsAProtocolMessageTest, ValueIsTrueWhenTypeIsAProtocolMessage) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(IsAProtocolMessage< ::proto2::Message>::value);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(IsAProtocolMessage<ProtocolMessage>::value);
+#if GTEST_HAS_PROTOBUF_
+  EXPECT_TRUE(IsAProtocolMessage<const TestMessage>::value);
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_PROTOBUF_
+}
+
+// Tests that IsAProtocolMessage<T>::value is false when T is neither
+// ProtocolMessage nor a sub-class of it.
+TEST(IsAProtocolMessageTest, ValueIsFalseWhenTypeIsNotAProtocolMessage) {
+  EXPECT_FALSE(IsAProtocolMessage<int>::value);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(IsAProtocolMessage<const ConversionHelperBase>::value);
+}
+
+// Tests that CompileAssertTypesEqual compiles when the type arguments are
+// equal.
+TEST(CompileAssertTypesEqual, CompilesWhenTypesAreEqual) {
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<void, void>();
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<int*, int*>();
+}
+
+// Tests that RemoveReference does not affect non-reference types.
+TEST(RemoveReferenceTest, DoesNotAffectNonReferenceType) {
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<int, RemoveReference<int>::type>();
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<const char, RemoveReference<const char>::type>();
+}
+
+// Tests that RemoveReference removes reference from reference types.
+TEST(RemoveReferenceTest, RemovesReference) {
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<int, RemoveReference<int&>::type>();
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<const char, RemoveReference<const char&>::type>();
+}
+
+// Tests GTEST_REMOVE_REFERENCE_.
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+void TestGTestRemoveReference() {
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<T1, GTEST_REMOVE_REFERENCE_(T2)>();
+}
+
+TEST(RemoveReferenceTest, MacroVersion) {
+  TestGTestRemoveReference<int, int>();
+  TestGTestRemoveReference<const char, const char&>();
+}
+
+
+// Tests that RemoveConst does not affect non-const types.
+TEST(RemoveConstTest, DoesNotAffectNonConstType) {
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<int, RemoveConst<int>::type>();
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<char&, RemoveConst<char&>::type>();
+}
+
+// Tests that RemoveConst removes const from const types.
+TEST(RemoveConstTest, RemovesConst) {
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<int, RemoveConst<const int>::type>();
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<char[2], RemoveConst<const char[2]>::type>();
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<char[2][3], RemoveConst<const char[2][3]>::type>();
+}
+
+// Tests GTEST_REMOVE_CONST_.
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+void TestGTestRemoveConst() {
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<T1, GTEST_REMOVE_CONST_(T2)>();
+}
+
+TEST(RemoveConstTest, MacroVersion) {
+  TestGTestRemoveConst<int, int>();
+  TestGTestRemoveConst<double&, double&>();
+  TestGTestRemoveConst<char, const char>();
+}
+
+// Tests that AddReference does not affect reference types.
+TEST(AddReferenceTest, DoesNotAffectReferenceType) {
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<int&, AddReference<int&>::type>();
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<const char&, AddReference<const char&>::type>();
+}
+
+// Tests that AddReference adds reference to non-reference types.
+TEST(AddReferenceTest, AddsReference) {
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<int&, AddReference<int>::type>();
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<const char&, AddReference<const char>::type>();
+}
+
+// Tests GTEST_ADD_REFERENCE_.
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+void TestGTestAddReference() {
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<T1, GTEST_ADD_REFERENCE_(T2)>();
+}
+
+TEST(AddReferenceTest, MacroVersion) {
+  TestGTestAddReference<int&, int>();
+  TestGTestAddReference<const char&, const char&>();
+}
+
+// Tests GTEST_REFERENCE_TO_CONST_.
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+void TestGTestReferenceToConst() {
+  CompileAssertTypesEqual<T1, GTEST_REFERENCE_TO_CONST_(T2)>();
+}
+
+TEST(GTestReferenceToConstTest, Works) {
+  TestGTestReferenceToConst<const char&, char>();
+  TestGTestReferenceToConst<const int&, const int>();
+  TestGTestReferenceToConst<const double&, double>();
+  TestGTestReferenceToConst<const String&, const String&>();
+}
+
+// Tests that ImplicitlyConvertible<T1, T2>::value is a compile-time constant.
+TEST(ImplicitlyConvertibleTest, ValueIsCompileTimeConstant) {
+  GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_((ImplicitlyConvertible<int, int>::value), const_true);
+  GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_((!ImplicitlyConvertible<void*, int*>::value),
+                        const_false);
+}
+
+// Tests that ImplicitlyConvertible<T1, T2>::value is true when T1 can
+// be implicitly converted to T2.
+TEST(ImplicitlyConvertibleTest, ValueIsTrueWhenConvertible) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE((ImplicitlyConvertible<int, double>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((ImplicitlyConvertible<double, int>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((ImplicitlyConvertible<int*, void*>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((ImplicitlyConvertible<int*, const int*>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((ImplicitlyConvertible<ConversionHelperDerived&,
+                                     const ConversionHelperBase&>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((ImplicitlyConvertible<const ConversionHelperBase,
+                                     ConversionHelperBase>::value));
+}
+
+// Tests that ImplicitlyConvertible<T1, T2>::value is false when T1
+// cannot be implicitly converted to T2.
+TEST(ImplicitlyConvertibleTest, ValueIsFalseWhenNotConvertible) {
+  EXPECT_FALSE((ImplicitlyConvertible<double, int*>::value));
+  EXPECT_FALSE((ImplicitlyConvertible<void*, int*>::value));
+  EXPECT_FALSE((ImplicitlyConvertible<const int*, int*>::value));
+  EXPECT_FALSE((ImplicitlyConvertible<ConversionHelperBase&,
+                                      ConversionHelperDerived&>::value));
+}
+
+// Tests IsContainerTest.
+
+class NonContainer {};
+
+TEST(IsContainerTestTest, WorksForNonContainer) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(IsNotContainer), sizeof(IsContainerTest<int>(0)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(IsNotContainer), sizeof(IsContainerTest<char[5]>(0)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(IsNotContainer), sizeof(IsContainerTest<NonContainer>(0)));
+}
+
+TEST(IsContainerTestTest, WorksForContainer) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(IsContainer),
+            sizeof(IsContainerTest<std::vector<bool> >(0)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(IsContainer),
+            sizeof(IsContainerTest<std::map<int, double> >(0)));
+}
+
+// Tests ArrayEq().
+
+TEST(ArrayEqTest, WorksForDegeneratedArrays) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(5, 5L));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ArrayEq('a', 0));
+}
+
+TEST(ArrayEqTest, WorksForOneDimensionalArrays) {
+  const int a[] = { 0, 1 };
+  long b[] = { 0, 1 };
+  EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, b));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, 2, b));
+
+  b[0] = 2;
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ArrayEq(a, b));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ArrayEq(a, 1, b));
+}
+
+TEST(ArrayEqTest, WorksForTwoDimensionalArrays) {
+  const char a[][3] = { "hi", "lo" };
+  const char b[][3] = { "hi", "lo" };
+  const char c[][3] = { "hi", "li" };
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, b));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, 2, b));
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ArrayEq(a, c));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ArrayEq(a, 2, c));
+}
+
+// Tests ArrayAwareFind().
+
+TEST(ArrayAwareFindTest, WorksForOneDimensionalArray) {
+  const char a[] = "hello";
+  EXPECT_EQ(a + 4, ArrayAwareFind(a, a + 5, 'o'));
+  EXPECT_EQ(a + 5, ArrayAwareFind(a, a + 5, 'x'));
+}
+
+TEST(ArrayAwareFindTest, WorksForTwoDimensionalArray) {
+  int a[][2] = { { 0, 1 }, { 2, 3 }, { 4, 5 } };
+  const int b[2] = { 2, 3 };
+  EXPECT_EQ(a + 1, ArrayAwareFind(a, a + 3, b));
+
+  const int c[2] = { 6, 7 };
+  EXPECT_EQ(a + 3, ArrayAwareFind(a, a + 3, c));
+}
+
+// Tests CopyArray().
+
+TEST(CopyArrayTest, WorksForDegeneratedArrays) {
+  int n = 0;
+  CopyArray('a', &n);
+  EXPECT_EQ('a', n);
+}
+
+TEST(CopyArrayTest, WorksForOneDimensionalArrays) {
+  const char a[3] = "hi";
+  int b[3];
+  CopyArray(a, &b);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, b));
+
+  int c[3];
+  CopyArray(a, 3, c);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, c));
+}
+
+TEST(CopyArrayTest, WorksForTwoDimensionalArrays) {
+  const int a[2][3] = { { 0, 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 } };
+  int b[2][3];
+  CopyArray(a, &b);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, b));
+
+  int c[2][3];
+  CopyArray(a, 2, c);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, c));
+}
+
+// Tests NativeArray.
+
+TEST(NativeArrayTest, ConstructorFromArrayWorks) {
+  const int a[3] = { 0, 1, 2 };
+  NativeArray<int> na(a, 3, kReference);
+  EXPECT_EQ(3U, na.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(a, na.begin());
+}
+
+TEST(NativeArrayTest, CreatesAndDeletesCopyOfArrayWhenAskedTo) {
+  typedef int Array[2];
+  Array* a = new Array[1];
+  (*a)[0] = 0;
+  (*a)[1] = 1;
+  NativeArray<int> na(*a, 2, kCopy);
+  EXPECT_NE(*a, na.begin());
+  delete[] a;
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, na.begin()[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, na.begin()[1]);
+
+  // We rely on the heap checker to verify that na deletes the copy of
+  // array.
+}
+
+TEST(NativeArrayTest, TypeMembersAreCorrect) {
+  StaticAssertTypeEq<char, NativeArray<char>::value_type>();
+  StaticAssertTypeEq<int[2], NativeArray<int[2]>::value_type>();
+
+  StaticAssertTypeEq<const char*, NativeArray<char>::const_iterator>();
+  StaticAssertTypeEq<const bool(*)[2], NativeArray<bool[2]>::const_iterator>();
+}
+
+TEST(NativeArrayTest, MethodsWork) {
+  const int a[3] = { 0, 1, 2 };
+  NativeArray<int> na(a, 3, kCopy);
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, na.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(3, na.end() - na.begin());
+
+  NativeArray<int>::const_iterator it = na.begin();
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, *it);
+  ++it;
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, *it);
+  it++;
+  EXPECT_EQ(2, *it);
+  ++it;
+  EXPECT_EQ(na.end(), it);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(na == na);
+
+  NativeArray<int> na2(a, 3, kReference);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(na == na2);
+
+  const int b1[3] = { 0, 1, 1 };
+  const int b2[4] = { 0, 1, 2, 3 };
+  EXPECT_FALSE(na == NativeArray<int>(b1, 3, kReference));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(na == NativeArray<int>(b2, 4, kCopy));
+}
+
+TEST(NativeArrayTest, WorksForTwoDimensionalArray) {
+  const char a[2][3] = { "hi", "lo" };
+  NativeArray<char[3]> na(a, 2, kReference);
+  ASSERT_EQ(2U, na.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(a, na.begin());
+}