1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
|
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>The LLVM Target-Independent Code Generator</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="llvm.css" type="text/css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="doc_title">
The LLVM Target-Independent Code Generator
</div>
<ol>
<li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#required">Required components in the code generator</a></li>
<li><a href="#high-level-design">The high-level design of the code generator</a></li>
<li><a href="#tablegen">Using TableGen for target description</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#targetdesc">Target description classes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#targetmachine">The <tt>TargetMachine</tt> class</a></li>
<li><a href="#targetdata">The <tt>TargetData</tt> class</a></li>
<li><a href="#mregisterinfo">The <tt>MRegisterInfo</tt> class</a></li>
<li><a href="#targetinstrinfo">The <tt>TargetInstrInfo</tt> class</a></li>
<li><a href="#targetframeinfo">The <tt>TargetFrameInfo</tt> class</a></li>
<li><a href="#targetjitinfo">The <tt>TargetJITInfo</tt> class</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#codegendesc">Machine code description classes</a>
</li>
<li><a href="#codegenalgs">Target-independent code generation algorithms</a>
</li>
<li><a href="#targetimpls">Target description implementations</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#x86">The X86 backend</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="doc_author">
<p>Written by <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a></p>
</div>
<div class="doc_warning">
<p>Warning: This is a work in progress.</p>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_section">
<a name="introduction">Introduction</a>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_text">
<p>The LLVM target-independent code generator is a framework that provides a
suite of reusable components for translating the LLVM internal representation to
the machine code for a specified target -- either in assembly form (suitable for
a static compiler) or in binary machine code format (usable for a JIT compiler).
The LLVM target-independent code generator consists of four main components:</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="#targetdesc">Abstract target description</a> interfaces which
capture improtant properties about various aspects of the machine independently
of how they will be used. These interfaces are defined in
<tt>include/llvm/Target/</tt>.</li>
<li>Classes used to represent the <a href="#codegendesc">machine code</a> being
generator for a target. These classes are intended to be abstract enough to
represent the machine code for <i>any</i> target machine. These classes are
defined in <tt>include/llvm/CodeGen/</tt>.</li>
<li><a href="#codegenalgs">Target-independent algorithms</a> used to implement
various phases of native code generation (register allocation, scheduling, stack
frame representation, etc). This code lives in <tt>lib/CodeGen/</tt>.</li>
<li><a href="#targetimpls">Implementations of the abstract target description
interfaces</a> for particular targets. These machine descriptions make use of
the components provided by LLVM, and can optionally provide custom
target-specific passes, to build complete code generators for a specific target.
Target descriptions live in <tt>lib/Target/</tt>.</li>
</ol>
<p>
Depending on which part of the code generator you are interested in working on,
different pieces of this will be useful to you. In any case, you should be
familiar with the <a href="#targetdesc">target description</a> and <a
href="#codegendesc">machine code representation</a> classes. If you want to add
a backend for a new target, you will need <a href="#targetimpls">implement the
targe description</a> classes for your new target and understand the <a
href="LangRef.html">LLVM code representation</a>. If you are interested in
implementing a new <a href="#codegenalgs">code generation algorithm</a>, it
should only depend on the target-description and machine code representation
classes, ensuring that it is portable.
</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="required">Required components in the code generator</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>The two pieces of the LLVM code generator are the high-level interface to the
code generator and the set of reusable components that can be used to build
target-specific backends. The two most important interfaces (<a
href="#targetmachine"><tt>TargetMachine</tt></a> and <a
href="#targetdata"><tt>TargetData</tt></a> classes) are the only ones that are
required to be defined for a backend to fit into the LLVM system, but the others
must be defined if the reusable code generator components are going to be
used.</p>
<p>This design has two important implications. The first is that LLVM can
support completely non-traditional code generation targets. For example, the C
backend does not require register allocation, instruction selection, or any of
the other standard components provided by the system. As such, it only
implements these two interfaces, and does its own thing. Another example of a
code generator like this is a (purely hypothetical) backend that converts LLVM
to the GCC RTL form and uses GCC to emit machine code for a target.</p>
<p>The other implication of this design is that it is possible to design and
implement radically different code generators in the LLVM system that do not
make use of any of the built-in components. Doing so is not recommended at all,
but could be required for radically different targets that do not fit into the
LLVM machine description model: programmable FPGAs for example.</p>
<p><b>Important Note:</b> For historical reasons, the LLVM SparcV9 code
generator uses almost entirely different code paths than described in this
document. For this reason, there are some deprecated interfaces (such as
<tt>TargetRegInfo</tt> and <tt>TargetSchedInfo</tt>), which are only used by the
V9 backend and should not be used by any other targets. Also, all code in the
<tt>lib/Target/SparcV9</tt> directory and subdirectories should be considered
deprecated, and should not be used as the basis for future code generator work.
The SparcV9 backend is slowly being merged into the rest of the target
independent code generators, but this is a low-priority process with no
predictable completion date.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="high-level-design">The high-level design of the code generator</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>The LLVM target-indendent code generator is designed to support efficient and
quality code generation for standard register-based microprocessors. Code
generation in this model is divided into the following stages:</p>
<ol>
<li><b>Instruction Selection</b> - Determining a efficient implementation of the
input LLVM code in the target instruction set. This stage produces the initial
code for the program in the target instruction set the makes use of virtual
registers in SSA form and physical registers that represent any required
register assignments due to target constraints or calling conventions.</li>
<li><b>SSA-based Machine Code Optimizations</b> - This (optional) stage consists
of a series of machine-code optimizations that operate on the SSA-form produced
by the instruction selector. Optimizations like modulo-scheduling, normal
scheduling, or peephole optimization work here.</li>
<li><b>Register Allocation</b> - The target code is transformed from an infinite
virtual register file in SSA form to the concrete register file used by the
target. This phase introduces spill code and eliminates all virtual register
references from the program.</li>
<li><b>Prolog/Epilog Code Insertion</b> - Once the machine code has been
generated for the function and the amount of stack space required is known (used
for LLVM alloca's and spill slots), the prolog and epilog code for the function
can be inserted and "abstract stack location references" can be eliminated.
This stage is responsible for implementing optimizations like frame-pointer
elimination and stack packing.</li>
<li><b>Late Machine Code Optimizations</b> - Optimizations that operate on
"final" machine code can go here, such as spill code scheduling and peephole
optimizations.</li>
<li><b>Code Emission</b> - The final stage actually outputs the machine code for
the current function, either in the target assembler format or in machine
code.</li>
</ol>
<p>
The code generator is based on the assumption that the instruction selector will
use an optimal pattern matching selector to create high-quality sequences of
native code. Alternative code generator designs based on pattern expansion and
aggressive iterative peephole optimization are much slower. This design is
designed to permit efficient compilation (important for JIT environments) and
aggressive optimization (used when generate code offline) by allowing components
of varying levels of sophisication to be used for any step of compilation.</p>
<p>
In addition to these stages, target implementations can insert arbitrary
target-specific passes into the flow. For example, the X86 target uses a
special pass to handle the 80x87 floating point stack architecture. Other
targets with unusual requirements can be supported with custom passes as needed.
</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="tablegen">Using TableGen for target description</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>The target description classes require a detailed description of the target
architecture. These target descriptions often have a large amount of common
information (e.g., an add instruction is almost identical to a sub instruction).
In order to allow the maximum amount of commonality to be factored out, the LLVM
code generator uses the <a href="TableGenFundamentals.html">TableGen</a> tool to
describe big chunks of the target machine, which allows the use of domain- and
target-specific abstractions to reduce the amount of repetition.
</p>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_section">
<a name="targetdesc">Target description classes</a>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_text">
<p>The LLVM target description classes (which are located in the
<tt>include/llvm/Target</tt> directory) provide an abstract description of the
target machine, independent of any particular client. These classes are
designed to capture the <i>abstract</i> properties of the target (such as what
instruction and registers it has), and do not incorporate any particular pieces
of code generation algorithms (these interfaces do not take interference graphs
as inputs or other algorithm-specific data structures).</p>
<p>All of the target description classes (except the <tt><a
href="#targetdata">TargetData</a></tt> class) are designed to be subclassed by
the concrete target implementation, and have virtual methods implemented. To
get to these implementations, <tt><a
href="#targetmachine">TargetMachine</a></tt> class provides accessors that
should be implemented by the target.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="targetmachine">The <tt>TargetMachine</tt> class</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>The <tt>TargetMachine</tt> class provides virtual methods that are used to
access the target-specific implementations of the various target description
classes (with the <tt>getInstrInfo</tt>, <tt>getRegisterInfo</tt>,
<tt>getFrameInfo</tt>, ... methods). This class is designed to be subclassed by
a concrete target implementation (e.g., <tt>X86TargetMachine</tt>) which
implements the various virtual methods. The only required target description
class is the <a href="#targetdata"><tt>TargetData</tt></a> class, but if the
code generator components are to be used, the other interfaces should be
implemented as well.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="targetdata">The <tt>TargetData</tt> class</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>The <tt>TargetData</tt> class is the only required target description class,
and it is the only class that is not extensible (it cannot be derived from). It
specifies information about how the target lays out memory for structures, the
alignment requirements for various data types, the size of pointers in the
target, and whether the target is little- or big-endian.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="mregisterinfo">The <tt>MRegisterInfo</tt> class</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>The <tt>MRegisterInfo</tt> class (which will eventually be renamed to
<tt>TargetRegisterInfo</tt>) is used to describe the register file of the
target and any interactions between the registers.</p>
<p>Registers in the code generator are represented in the code generator by
unsigned numbers. Physical registers (those that actually exist in the target
description) are unique small numbers, and virtual registers are generally
large.</p>
<p>Each register in the processor description has an associated
<tt>MRegisterDesc</tt> entry, which provides a textual name for the register
(used for assembly output and debugging dumps), a set of aliases (used to
indicate that one register overlaps with another), and some flag bits.
</p>
<p>In addition to the per-register description, the <tt>MRegisterInfo</tt> class
exposes a set of processor specific register classes (instances of the
<tt>TargetRegisterClass</tt> class). Each register class contains sets of
registers that have the same properties (for example, they are all 32-bit
integer registers). Each SSA virtual register created by the instruction
selector has an associated register class. When the register allocator runs, it
replaces virtual registers with a physical register in the set.</p>
<p>
The target-specific implementations of these classes is auto-generated from a <a
href="TableGenFundamentals.html">TableGen</a> description of the register file.
</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="targetinstrinfo">The <tt>TargetInstrInfo</tt> class</a>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="targetframeinfo">The <tt>TargetFrameInfo</tt> class</a>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="targetjitinfo">The <tt>TargetJITInfo</tt> class</a>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_section">
<a name="codegendesc">Machine code description classes</a>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<hr>
<address>
<a href="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/check/referer"><img
src="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/images/vcss" alt="Valid CSS!"></a>
<a href="http://validator.w3.org/check/referer"><img
src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-html401" alt="Valid HTML 4.01!" /></a>
<a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a><br>
<a href="http://llvm.cs.uiuc.edu">The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure</a><br>
Last modified: $Date$
</address>
</body>
</html>
|
